A Fragile Zero Watermarking Scheme to Detect and Characterize Malicious Modifications in Database Relations

Table 7

Characterization of malicious deletion attacks on digit frequency.

𝑑𝑖	𝑟𝑓𝑑𝑖	𝑓𝑑𝑖	𝑟𝑓𝑑𝑖^′	𝑓𝑑𝑖^′	Δ𝑓𝑑𝑖	Δℱ𝑑𝑖	Characteristic
0	8.63	1435163	7.72	1256568	−178595	−12.44%	↓ High to Low
1	18.02	2995771	18.40	2995771	0	0	No change
2	19.48	3238818	19.89	3238818	0	0	No change
3	11.70	1945572	11.95	1945572	0	0	No change
4	8.22	1366062	8.39	1366062	0	0	No change
5	7.48	1244089	7.64	1244089	0	0	No change
6	6.65	1105210	6.79	1105210	0	0	No change
7	6.45	1072363	6.59	1072363	0	0	No change
8	6.60	1097669	6.74	1097669	0	0	No change
9	6.76	1123819	5.89	958569	−165250	−14.70%	↓ High to Low