A Fragile Zero Watermarking Scheme to Detect and Characterize Malicious Modifications in Database Relations

Table 8

Characterization of malicious update attacks on digit frequency.

𝑑𝑖	𝑟𝑓𝑑𝑖	𝑓𝑑𝑖	𝑟𝑓𝑑𝑖^′	𝑓𝑑𝑖^′	Δ𝑓𝑑𝑖	Δℱ𝑑𝑖	Characteristic
0	8.63	1435163	5.71	948993	−486170	−33.88%	↓High to Low
1	18.02	2995771	19.01	3159784	+164013	+5.47%	↑Low to High
2	19.48	3238818	20.97	3485451	+246633	+7.61%	↑Low to High
3	11.70	1945572	11.91	1980325	+34753	+1.79%	↑Low to High
4	8.22	1366062	8.52	1416889	+50827	+3.72%	↑Low to High
5	7.48	1244089	8.22	1365803	+121714	+9.78%	↑Low to High
6	6.65	1105210	6.90	1146565	+41355	+3.74%	↑Low to High
7	6.45	1072363	7.14	1187586	+115223	+10.74%	↑Low to High
8	6.60	1097669	6.78	1127651	+29982	+2.73%	↑Low to High
9	6.76	1123819	4.85	805489	−318330	−28.33%	↓High to Low