NHCs Catalyzed Hydrophosphonylation of <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.216pt;width:14.1125px;" id="M1" height="10.725" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 14.1125 10.725" width="14.1125"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.022,-0,0,-.022,.062,10.4)"><path id="x1D736" d="M505 450h125l-163 -259q-1 -4 -1 -12q0 -19 1 -23q9 -98 41 -98q36 0 58 76l24 -7q-34 -139 -121 -139q-32 0 -57.5 24t-31.5 55q-72 -77 -181 -77q-73 0 -114 44t-41 124q0 118 79 210q79 93 197 93q51 0 86 -27t50 -71zM369 281q0 141 -62 141q-43 0 -95 -84
q-52 -82 -52 -195q0 -50 15 -83t42 -33q35 0 79 57q43 58 67 121q6 35 6 76z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>-Ketoesters and <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.216pt;width:14.1125px;" id="M2" height="10.725" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 14.1125 10.725" width="14.1125"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.022,-0,0,-.022,.062,10.4)"><use xlink:href="#x1D736"/></g>

		
	
</svg>-Trifluoromethyl Ketones

He, Lin; Cai, Zhi-Hua; Pian, Ji-Xin; Du, Guang-Fen

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/890187

The Scientific World Journal

On this page

Abstract Introduction Experimental Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2013 | Article ID 890187 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/890187

NHCs Catalyzed Hydrophosphonylation of -Ketoesters and -Trifluoromethyl Ketones

Lin He,¹Zhi-Hua Cai,¹Ji-Xin Pian,¹and Guang-Fen Du¹

Academic Editor: R. P. Herrera, T. Gajda

Received17 Aug 2013

Accepted02 Oct 2013

Published31 Dec 2013

Abstract

N-Heterocyclic carbenes catalyzed hydrophosphonylation reaction of α-ketoesters and α-trifluoromethyl ketones was developed. Under the catalysis of 10 mol% IPr, α-ketoesters or α-trifluoromethyl ketones reacted with dialkyl phosphites to provide quaternary α-hydroxyphosphonates in good to excellent yield.

1. Introduction

α-Hydroxyphosphonates and phosphonic acids are ubiquious synthons in the synthesis of pharmaceutically and biologically active molecules [1–3]. Hydrophosphonylation of carbonyl compounds catalyzed by base, metal catalysts, or organocatalysts, which is also named as Pudovik reaction, provides facile access to this vital class of compounds [4–7]. However, in contrast to the hydrophosphonylation reaction of aldehydes [8–14], the similar coupling reaction of ketones was scarcely developed [15–22], which may be attributed to the relatively low reactivity of ketones. Therefore, the development of highly efficient catalysts for ketone that participated in Pudovik reaction is still desirable, which will provide α-hydroxyphosphonates with a quaternary carbon center.

As an important type of organocatalyst, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have been used widely in a series of organic transformations [23–26], such as umpolung and extended umpolung reaction based on ambiphilicity of NHCs [27–30] and transesterification [31–34], formal cycloadditions [35, 36], and other reactions based on nucleophilicity of NHCs. On the other hand, NHCs are organocatalysts that possess strong basicities, and based on this property, only very limited reactions were reported [37, 38]. Recently, we found that NHCs can catalyze the coupling reaction between phosphites and imines (or aldehydes) [39, 40], which inspired us to explore the hydrophosphonylation reaction of ketones with NHCs catalysis.

The study commenced with the reaction of methyl phenylglyoxylate 6a and dimethyl phosphite 7a (Table 1). To our delight, under the catalysis of 10 mol% NHC 1 (1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene, IPr) [41], the reaction proceeded very smoothly in CH₂Cl₂ to give the desired quaternary α-hydroxyphosphonate 8a quantitatively (Table 1, entry 1). And after the screening of catalysts, base, solvent, and catalyst loading, the optimal reaction conditions were established: using 10 mol% IPr as catalyst, conducted the reaction in dichloromethane at room temperature (Table 1, entry 1).

The reaction scope was then investigated under the optimized reaction conditions and the results were summarized in Table 2. Methyl or ethyl phenylglyoxylate reacted with dimethyl phosphite smoothly to furnish the corresponding α-hydroxyphosphonates in high yield. Both electron-withdrawing (-F, -Cl, and -Br) and electron-donating (-OMe) groups that substituted ethyl phenylglyoxylates were all suitable reactants for the coupling reaction, providing the desired products in high yield (Table 2, entries 3–6). Ethyl pyruvate was also good candidate for the addition, affording alkyl-substituted α-hydroxyphosphonate 8g in 90% yield (Table 2, entry 7). Trifluoromethyl ketones, another important type of carbonyl compounds that was used widely in the synthesis of fluorinated molecules, were also tested for the reaction. Experiment results indicated that dimethyl phosphite can add to trifluoromethyl ketones smoothly to give trifluoromethyl-substituted α-hydroxyphosphonates in good yields (Table 2, entries 8–10). However, when acetophenone was used instead of α-ketoesters or trifluoromethyl ketones, no desired product was obtained and the starting substrates were recovered completely; these results may be attributed to the low reactivity of acetophenone (Table 2, entry 11).

Based on the previous study of NHCs catalyzed hydrophosphonylation reaction [39, 40], a possible mechanism is proposed in Scheme 1. A complex I is formed via the deprotonation of dialkyl phosphite by the basic NHCs catalyst, which might trigger the subsequent coupling of carbonyl compounds and after proton transfer, the desired product will be obtained.

In summary, we have demonstrated an efficient NHCs-promoted hydrophosphonylation of α-ketoesters and α-trifluoromethyl ketones, which provide a valuable approach for the preparation of quaternary α-hydroxyphosphonates.

2. Experimental

Unless otherwise indicated, all reactions were conducted under nitrogen atmosphere in oven-dried glassware with magnetic stirring bar. Column chromatograph was performed with silica gel (200~300 mesh) and analytical TLC on silica gel 60-F254. ¹H NMR (400 MHz) and ¹³C NMR (100 MHz) spectra were recorded on a Bruker-DMX 400 spectrometer in CDCl₃, with tetramethylsilane as an internal standard and reported in ppm (δ). Infrared spectra were recorded on a Nicolet FT/IR-360 spectrophotometer and reported as wave number (cm⁻¹). Other starting materials were obtained from commercial supplies and used as received. Anhydrous THF, toluene, Et₂O, and DCM were distilled from sodium or calcium hydride. Petroleum ether (PE), where used for flash column chromatography, has a boiling range of 60–90°C.

General Procedure for Preparing of α-Hydroxyphosphonates 8. To an oven-dried Schlenk tube were added aldehyde 7 (0.3 mmol), dry dichloromethane (2.0 mL), and phosphite 6 (0.45 mmol), then cooled to 0°C. IPr (10 mol %) was subsequently added under nitrogen and the mixture was stirred at room temperature until completion of the reaction as indicated by TLC. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was extracted by dichloromethane (3 × 20 mL). The combined organic phase was dried by anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash column chromatography (silica-gel and petroleum/ethyl acetate 2 : 1~1 : 1) to obtain α-hydroxyphosphonates.

Methyl 2-(Dimethoxyphosphoryl)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate 8a [15]. Colorless oil, yield 99%; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.49–7.38 (m, 5H), 5.77 (d, ²J_PH = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (d, ³J_PH = 11.4 Hz, 3H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.60 (d, ³J_PH = 11.3 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 169.2 (d, J_CP = 6.0 Hz), 134.8 (d, J_CP = 6.0 Hz), 129.4, 128.8, 127.2, 76.9 (d, ¹J_CP = 4.0 Hz), 54.8 (d, ²J_CP = 6.0 Hz), 54.4 (d, ²J_CP = 6.0 Hz), 52.8, 29.7.

Ethyl 2-(Dimethoxyphosphoryl)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate 8b [15]. Colorless oil, yield 89%; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.50–7.45 (m, 2H), 7.41–7.36 (m, 3H), 5.75 (d, ²J_PH = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 4.28–4.16 (m, 2H), 3.85 (d, ³J_PH = 11.4 Hz, 3H), 3.61 (d, ³J_PH = 11.4 Hz, 3H), 1.22 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 168.7 (d, J_CP = 5.0 Hz), 134.9 (d, J_CP = 6.0 Hz), 129.3, 128.8, 127.2, 76.8 (d, ¹J_CP = 11.0 Hz), 61.9, 54.7 (d, ²J_CP = 6.0 Hz), 54.3 (d, ²J_CP = 6.0 Hz), 14.0.

Ethyl 2-(Dimethoxyphosphoryl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyacetate 8c. Colorless oil, yield 84%; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.50–7.44 (m, 2H), 7.08 (t, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.73 (d, ²J_PH = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 4.30–4.16 (m, 2H), 3.86 (d, ³J_PH = 11.4 Hz, 3H), 3.63 (d, ³J_PH = 11.3 Hz, 3H), 1.23 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 168.6 (d, J = 5.0 Hz), 163.2 (d, ¹J_CF = 248.0 Hz), 130.9 (dd, J = 6.0, 3.0 Hz), 129.2 (d, J = 8.0 Hz), 115.8 (d, J = 22.0 Hz), 76.2 (d, ¹J_CP = 4.0 Hz), 62.0, 54.8 (d, ²J_CP = 6.0 Hz), 54.4 (d, ²J_CP = 6.0 Hz), 14.0; HRMS(ESI) Calcd for (C₁₂H₁₆FO₆P + Na) 329.0566, found: 329.0569.

Ethyl 2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(dimethoxyphosphoryl)-2-hydroxyacetate 8d. Colorless oil, yield 96%; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.39 (q, J = 8.6 Hz, 4H), 5.72 (d, ²J_PH = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.27–4.15 (m, 2H), 3.86 (d, ³J_PH = 11.3 Hz, 3H), 3.64 (d, ³J_PH = 11.3 Hz, 3H), 1.23 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 168.4 (d, J = 5.0 Hz), 135.4, 133.5 (d, J = 6.0 Hz), 129.0, 128.5, 76.2 (d, ¹J_CP = 5.0 Hz), 62.1, 54.8 (d, ²J_CP = 6.0 Hz), 54.4 (d, ²J_CP = 7.0 Hz), 14.0. HRMS(ESI) Calcd for (C₁₂H₁₆ClO₆P + Na) 345.0271, found: 345.0282.

Ethyl 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-(dimethoxyphosphoryl)-2-hydroxyacetate 8e. Colorless oil, yield 85%; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.53 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 5.70 (d, ²J_PH = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.32–4.14 (m, 2H), 3.86 (d, ³J_PH = 11.3 Hz, 3H), 3.64 (d, ³J_PH = 11.3 Hz, 3H), 1.23 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 168.3 (d, J = 5.0 Hz), 134.0 (d, J = 6.0 Hz), 132.0, 128.8, 123.6, 76.2 (d, ¹J_CP = 5.0 Hz), 62.1, 54.8 (d, ²J_CP = 6.0 Hz), 54.5 (d, ²J_CP = 6.0 Hz), 14.0. HRMS(ESI) Calcd for (C₁₂H₁₆BrO₆P + Na) 388.9766, found: 388.9770.

Ethyl 2-(Diethoxyphosphoryl)-2-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl) Acetate 8f. Colorless oil, yield 93%; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.33 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.84 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 5.63 (d, ²J_PH = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.22–4.00 (m, 4H), 3.97–3.82 (m, 2H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 1.28 (td, J = 7.1, 1.0 Hz, 3H), 1.19–1.09 (m, 6H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 168.0 (d, J_CP = 6.0 Hz), 159.3, 127.7, 126.3, 113.1, 75.4 (d, ¹J_CP = 5.0 Hz), 63.2 (d, ²J_CP = 6.0 Hz), 62.9 (d, ²J_CP = 6.0 Hz), 60.7, 54.2, 15.0 (d, J_CP = 7.0 Hz), 14.9 (d, J_CP = 7.0 Hz), 13.0. HRMS(ESI) Calcd for (C₁₅H₂₃O₇P + Na) 369.1079, found: 369.1075.

Ethyl 2-(Dimethoxyphosphoryl)-2-hydroxypropanoate 8g [42]. Colorless oil, yield 90%; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.64 (br s, OH), 4.95–4.87 (m, 1H), 4.27–4.20 (m, 2H), 3.84 (d, ³J_PH = 11.3 Hz, 3H), 3.79 (d, ³J_PH = 11.3 Hz, 3H), 1.57 (dd, ³J_PH = 6.9, 0.7 Hz, 3H), 1.30 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 170.5 (d, J_CP = 5.0 Hz), 72.0 (d, ¹J_CP = 5.0 Hz), 61.7, 54.7 (d, ²J_CP = 7.0 Hz), 54.5 (d, ²J_CP = 6.0 Hz), 19.2 (d, ²J_CP = 6.0 Hz), 14.1.

Dimethyl 2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-hydroxy-1-phenylethylphosphonate 8h [17]. Colorless oil, yield 57%; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.53–7.48 (m, 2H), 7.47–7.41 (m, 3H), 5.61 (dd, ²J_PH = 10.2, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 3.78 (d, ³J_PH = 11.4 Hz, 3H), 3.57 (d, ³J_PH = 11.8 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 131.2, 130.3, 128.8, 127.9, 76.3 (dd, ¹J_CP = 34.0, 5.0 Hz), 54.7 (d, ²J_CP = 6.0 Hz), 54.5 (d, ²J_CP = 6.0 Hz), 29.7.

Dimethyl 1-(4-Bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethylphosphonate 8i [17]. Colorless oil, yield 64%; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.58 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 5.69–5.42 (m, 1H), 3.80 (d, ³J_PH = 11.4 Hz, 3H), 3.61 (d, ³J_PH = 11.4 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 132.0, 130.2, 129.5, 124.7, 75.6 (dd, ¹J_CP = 34.0, 5.0 Hz), 54.7 (d, ²J_CP = 6.0 Hz), 54.5 (d, ²J_CP = 6.0 Hz), 29.7.

Dimethyl 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethylphosphonate 8j [17]. Colorless oil, yield 63%; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.46–7.40 (m, 4H), 5.59 (dd, ²J_PH = 10.2, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (d, ³J_PH = 11.4 Hz, 3H), 3.61 (d, ³J_PH = 11.4 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 136.5, 129.8, 129.3, 129.1, 75.7 (dd, ¹J_CP = 34.0, 5.0 Hz), 54.8 (d, ²J_CP = 6.0 Hz), 54.5 (d, ²J_CP = 6.0 Hz), 29.7.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 21262027) and the Team Innovation Project of Shihezi University (no. 2011ZRKETD-04).

References

H. Gröger and B. Hammer, “Catalytic concepts for the enantioselective synthesis of alpha-amino and alpha-hydroxy phosphonates,” Chemistry, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 943–948, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
O. I. Kolodiazhnyi, “Asymmetric synthesis of hydroxyphosphonates,” Tetrahedron Asymmetry, vol. 16, no. 20, pp. 3295–3340, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
O. I. Kolodiazhnyi, “Chiral hydroxy phosphonates: synthesis, configuration and biological properties,” Russian Chemical Reviews, vol. 75, no. 3, pp. 227–253, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Merino, E. M. López, and R. P. Herrera, “Catalytic enantioselective hydrophosphonylation of aldehydes and imines,” Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis, vol. 350, no. 9, pp. 1195–1208, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. A. Ma, “Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of α- and β-amino phosphonic acid derivatives,” Chemical Society Reviews, vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 630–636, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
O. I. Kolodiazhnyi, “Asymmetric synthesis of organophosphorus compounds,” Tetrahedron Asymmetry, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 1279–1332, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. N. Pudovik and I. V. Konovalova, “Addition reactions of esters of phosphorus(III) acids with unsaturated systems,” Synthesis, vol. 2, pp. 81–96, 1979.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Saito and T. Katsuki, “Synthesis of an optically active C1-symmetric Al(salalen) complex and its application to the catalytic hydrophosphonylation of aldehydes,” Angewandte Chemie—International Edition, vol. 44, no. 29, pp. 4600–4602, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Zhou, X. Liu, X. Yang, D. Shang, J. Xin, and X. Feng, “Highly enantioselective hydrophosphonylation of aldehydes catalyzed by tridentate schiff base aluminum(III) complexes,” Angewandte Chemie—International Edition, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 392–394, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. D. Joly and E. N. Jacobsen, “Thiourea-catalyzed enantioselective hydrophosphonylation of imines: practical access to enantiomerically enriched α-amino phosphonic acids,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 126, no. 13, pp. 4102–4103, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Yang, D. Zhao, J. Lan et al., “Self-assembled bifunctional catalysis induced by metal coordination interactions: an exceptionally efficient approach to enantioselective hydrophosphonylation,” Angewandte Chemie—International Edition, vol. 47, no. 30, pp. 5646–5649, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. P. Abell and H. Yamamoto, “Catalytic enantioselective Pudovik reaction of aldehydes and aldimines with tethered bis(8-quinolinato) (TBOx) aluminum complex,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 130, no. 32, pp. 10521–10523, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Uraguchi, T. Ito, and T. Ooi, “Generation of chiral phosphonium dialkyl phosphite as a highly reactive P-nucleophile: application to asymmetric hydrophosphonylation of aldehydes,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 131, no. 11, pp. 3836–3837, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Suyama, Y. Sakai, K. Matsumoto, B. Saito, and T. Katsuki, “Highly enantioselective hydrophosphonylation of aldehydes: base-enhanced aluminum-salalen catalysis,” Angewandte Chemie—International Edition, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 797–799, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Wang, X. Liu, X. Cui, Y. Xiong, X. Zhou, and X. Feng, “Asymmetrie hydrophosphonylation of α-ketoesters catalyzed by cinchona-derived thiourea organocatalysts,” Chemistry—A European Journal, vol. 15, no. 3, p. 589, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Zhou, Y. Liu, L. Chang et al., “Highly efficient synthesis of quaternary α-hydroxy phosphonates via lewis acid-catalyzed hydrophosphonylation of ketones,” Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis, vol. 351, no. 16, pp. 2567–2572, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Zhou, Q. Zhang, Y. Hui et al., “Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of quaternary α-hydroxy trifluoromethyl phosphonate via chiral aluminum(III) catalyzed hydrophosphonylation of trifluoromethyl ketones,” Organic Letters, vol. 12, no. 19, pp. 4296–4299, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Uraguchi, T. Ito, S. Nakamura, and T. Ooi, “Catalytic asymmetric hydrophosphonylation of ynones,” Chemical Science, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 488–490, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Zhou, Z. Wu, J. Rong et al., “Highly efficient hydrophosphonylation of aldehydes and unactivated ketones catalyzed by methylene-linked pyrrolyl rare earth metal amido complexes,” Chemistry—A European Journal, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 2653–2659, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Jahania, B. Zameniana, S. Khaksarb, and M. Tajbakhsh, “Pyridine 2,6-dicarboxylic acid as a bifunctional organocatalyst for hydrophosphonylation of aldehydes and ketones in water,” Chemistry—A European Journal, vol. 19, pp. 3315–3318, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Bo. Liu, J. F. Carpentier, and Y. Sarazin, “Highly effective alkaline earth catalysts for the sterically governed hydrophosphonylation of aldehydes and nonactivated ketones,” Chemistry, vol. 18, no. 42, pp. 13259–13264, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Hatano, T. Horibe, and K. Ishihara, “Chiral magnesium(II) binaphtholates as cooperative Brønsted/Lewis acid-base catalysts for the highly enantioselective addition of phosphorus nucleophiles to α,β-unsaturated esters and ketones,” Angewandte Chemie—International Edition, vol. 52, no. 17, pp. 4549–4553, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Grossmann and D. Enders, “N-heterocyclic carbene catalyzed domino reactions,” Angewandte Chemie—International Edition, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 314–325, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Zeitler, “Extending mechanistic routes in heterazolium catalysis-promising concepts for versatile synthetic methods,” Angewandte Chemie—International Edition, vol. 44, no. 46, pp. 7506–7510, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Enders, O. Niemeier, and A. Henseler, “Organocatalysis by N-heterocyclic carbenes,” Chemical Reviews, vol. 107, no. 12, pp. 5606–5655, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Marion, S. Díez-González, and S. P. Nolan, “N-heterocyclic carbenes as organocatalysts,” Angewandte Chemie—International Edition, vol. 46, no. 17, pp. 2988–3000, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Enders, O. Niemeier, and T. Balensiefer, “Asymmetric intramolecular crossed-benzoin reactions by N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis,” Angewandte Chemie—International Edition, vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 1463–1467, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. A. DiRocco, K. M. Oberg, D. M. Dalton, and T. Rovis, “Catalytic asymmetric intermolecular stetter reaction of heterocyclic aldehydes with nitroalkenes: backbone fluorination improves selectivity,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 131, no. 31, pp. 10872–10874, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Mo, X. Chen, and Y. Chi, “Oxidative γ-addition of enals to trifluoromethyl ketones: enantioselectivity control via Lewis acid/N-heterocyclic carbene cooperative catalysis,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 134, no. 21, pp. 8810–8813, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. E. A. Raup, B. Cardinal-David, D. Holte, and K. A. Scheidt, “Cooperative catalysis by carbenes and Lewis acids in a highly stereoselective route to γ-lactams,” Nature Chemistry, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 766–771, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. W. Nyce, J. A. Lamboy, E. F. Connor, R. M. Waymouth, and J. L. Hedrick, “Expanding the catalytic activity of nucleophilic N-heterocyclic carbenes for transesterification reactions,” Organic Letters, vol. 4, no. 21, pp. 3587–3590, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. A. Grasa, R. M. Kissling, and S. P. Nolan, “N-heterocyclic carbenes as versatile nucleophilic catalysts for transesterification/acylation reactions,” Organic Letters, vol. 4, no. 21, pp. 3583–3586, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. A. Grasa, R. Singh, and S. P. Nolan, “Transesterification/acylation reactions catalyzed by molecular catalysts,” Synthesis, no. 7, pp. 971–985, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
T. Kano, K. Sasaki, and K. Maruoka, “Enantioselective acylation of secondary alcohols catalyzed by chiral N-heterocyclic carbenes,” Organic Letters, vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 1347–1349, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. L. Huang, L. He, P. L. Shao, and S. Ye, “[4+2] cycloaddition of ketenes with N-benzoyldiazenes catalyzed by N-heterocyclic carbenes,” Angewandte Chemie—International Edition, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 192–195, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Y. Jian, L. He, C. Tang, and S. Ye, “N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis: enantioselective formal [2+2] cycloaddition of ketenes and N-sulfinylanilines,” Angewandte Chemie—International Edition, vol. 50, no. 39, pp. 9104–9107, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Movassaghi and M. A. Schmidt, “N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed amidation of unactivated esters with amino alcohols,” Organic Letters, vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 2453–2456, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. M. Phillips, M. Risdrich, and K. A. Scheidt, “N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed conjugate additions of alcohols,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 132, no. 38, pp. 13179–13181, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. H. Cai, G. F. Du, B. Dai, and L. He, “Nucleophilic carbene-mediated hydrophosphonylation of aldimines,” Synthesis, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 694–698, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. H. Cai, G. F. Du, L. He, C. Z. Gu, and B. Dai, “N-heterocyclic carbene catalyzed hydrophosphonylation of aldehydes,” Synthesis, no. 13, pp. 2073–2078, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. J. Arduengo III, R. Krafczyk, R. Schmutzler et al., “Imidazolylidenes, imidazolinylidenes and imidazolidines,” Tetrahedron, vol. 55, no. 51, pp. 14523–14534, 1999.
View at: Google Scholar
V. S. Abramov, V. I. Barabanov, and L. I. Long, “Reactions of phosphinic acids with aldehydes and ketones, XXXII,” Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 714–718, 1967.
View at: Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2013 Lin He et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

1464

Downloads

1182

Citations