Assessment of Stone Columns as a Mitigation Technique of Liquefaction-Induced Effects during Italian Earthquakes (May 2012)

Table 2

Characteristics adopted in the study for S0 and S1 strata.

	S0 (0–8 m)	S1 (8–13 m)
Mass density (kN/m^3)	19.0	20.0
𝐺𝑟 low-strain shear modulus (MPa); at 80 kPa mean effective confinement	70	76
𝐵𝑟 low-strain bulk modulus (MPa); at 80 kPa mean effective confinement	180	200
Angle of internal friction (°)	33.0	33.0
Phase transformation angle (°)	26.5	27.0
Contraction parameter 𝑐1	0.3	0.3
Dilation parameter 𝑑1	0.4	0.4
Dilation parameter 𝑑2	2	2
Liquefaction parameter 𝑙1	10	10
Liquefaction parameter 𝑙2	0.01	0.01
Liquefaction parameter 𝑙3	3	3