Cloud Model Bat Algorithm

Algorithm 1

Pseudocode of the bat algorithm (BA) [3].

Objective function  𝑓(𝑥),𝑥=𝑥₁,𝑥₂,…,𝑥_𝑑^𝑇

  Initialize the bat population  𝑥_𝑖(𝑖=1,2,…,𝑛) and  𝑣_𝑖

  Define pulse frequency  𝑓_𝑖  at  𝑥_𝑖  Initialize pulse rates  𝑟_𝑖  and the loudness  𝐴_𝑖

  While  (𝑡  <  Max number of iterations)

      Generate new solutions by adjusting frequency,

      and updating velocities and locations/solutions [(1)]

    if  rand>𝑟_𝑖

      Select a solution among the best solutions

      Generate a local solution around the selected best solution

    end if

      Generate a new solution by flying randomly

    if  rand<𝐴_𝑖&𝑓𝑥_𝑖<𝑓𝑥_∗

      Accept the new solutions

      Increase  𝑟_𝑖  and reduce  𝐴_𝑖

    end if

      Rank the bats and find the current best  𝑥_∗

  end while

      Postprocess results and visualization.