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| Communities | Dominant elements |
| Trees | Shrubs | Herbs |
|
| Trees | | | |
| Betula utilis D. Don | B. utilis D. Don (74.5%), P. wallichiana A. B. Jacks. (19.9%), and A. pindrow (Royle ex D. Don) Royle (5.0%) | Cassiope fastigiata (Wall.) D. Don (28.5%), Rhododendron campanulatum D. Don (17.6%), and Rosa webbiana Wall. ex Royle (9.7%) | Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. (11.4%), Geranium wallichianum D. Don ex Sweet (5.7%), Fragaria nubicola (Hook. f.) Lindl. ex Lacaita (5.6%), and Aconogonum molle (D. Don) H. Hara (5.4%) |
| Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex Lamb.) G. Don | C. deodara (Roxb. ex Lamb.) G. Don (80.2%), P. wallichiana A. B. Jacks. (17.4%), and A. pindrow (Royle ex D. Don) Royle (2.5%) | Rabdosia rugosa (Wall. ex Benth.) H. Hara (31.3%), Berberis aristata (29.8%), and Cotoneaster bacillaris Wall. ex Lindl. (7.5%) | Thalictrum cultratum Wall. (11.1%), F. nubicola (7.4%), and Nepeta erecta (Royle ex Benth.) Benth. (7.4%) |
| Quercus floribunda Lindl. ex A. Camus | Q. floribunda Lindl. ex A. Camus (100%) | R. rugosa (Wall. ex Benth.) H. Hara (80.1%), Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindl.) Rehder (9.1%) | Cannabis sativa L. (14.3%), Dysphania botrys (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants (10.9%), and Tagetes minuta L. (9.5%) |
| Pinus gerardiana Wall. ex D. Don | Pinus gerardiana Wall. ex D. Don (57.14%), Q. floribunda Lindl. ex A. Camus (38.8%), and Olea europaea L. (4.1%) | R. rugosa (Wall. ex Benth.) H. Hara (55.9%), Desmodium elegans DC. (18.9%), and Artemisia maritima L. (13.2%) | Conyza sumatrensis (S. F. Blake) Pruski & G. Sancho (9.4%), C. sativa L. (6.8%), and Chenopodium album L. (5.4%) |
| Pinus wallichiana A. B. Jacks. | P. wallichiana A. B. Jacks. (90.9%), C. deodara (Roxb. ex Lamb.) G. Don (8.1%) | Rosa macrophylla Lindl. (17.4%), Berberis jaeschkeana C. K. Schneid. (14.4%), and Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl. (12.8%) | Origanum vulgare L. (6.1%), Morina longifolia Wall. (3.6%), and Medicago lupulina L. (3.3%) |
| B. utilis D. Don-A. pindrow Royle ex D. Don) Royle mixed | B. utilis D. Don (43.1%), A. pindrow (Royle ex D. Don) Royle (40.9%),andP. wallichiana A. B. Jacks. (15.9%) | C. microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl. (32.5%), R. macrophylla Lindl. (22.0%), and B. jaeschkeana C. K. Schneid. (11.7%) | Cynoglossum wallichii G. Don (23.4%), F. nubicola (Hook. f.) Lindl. ex Lacaita (18.2%), Trigonella emodi Benth., and Lotus corniculatus L. (4.6% each) |
| B. utilis D. Don-P. wallichiana A. B. Jacks. mixed | B. utilis D. Don (62.5%), P. wallichiana A. B. Jacks. (29.8%), and A. pindrow (Royle ex D. Don) Royle (4.3%) | C. fastigiata (Wall.) D. Don (33.3%), Spiraea canescens D. Don (10.0%), and Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don (7.6%) | Persicaria vivipara (L.) Ronse Decr. (6.8%), Delphinium cashmerianum Royle (4.5%), and Lomatogonium carinthiacum (Wulfen) Rchb. (3.5%) |
| C. deodara (Roxb. ex Lamb.) G. Don-Piceasmithiana (Wall.) Boiss. mixed | C. deodara (Roxb. ex Lamb.) G. Don (38.3%), Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss. (31.6%), P. wallichiana A. B. Jacks. (20.0%), and Juglans regiaL. (10.3) | Rubusellipticus Sm. (15.5%), B. aristata DC. (14.6%), and D. elegans DC. (13.6%) | F. nubicola (Hook. f.) Lindl. ex Lacaita (16.1%), Trifolium pratense L. (5.2%), T. cultratum Wall., and Chaerophyllum villosum Wall. & DC. (3.8% each) |
| C. deodara (Roxb. ex Lamb.) G. Don-P. wallichiana A. B. Jacks. mixed | C. deodara (Roxb. ex Lamb.) G. Don (52.5%), P. wallichiana A. B. Jacks. (42.5%), and P. smithiana (Wall.) Boiss. (5.0%) | B. jaeschkeana C. K. Schneid. (59.52%), S. canescens D. Don (21.4%), R. webbiana Wall. ex Royle (19.0) | F. nubicola (Hook. f.) Lindl. ex Lacaita (8.2%), T. linearis Benth. (6.3%), and T. alpinus L. (5.5%) |
| Shrubs | | | |
| Hippophae salicifolia D. Don | — | Hippophae salicifolia D. Don (58%), Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindl.) Rehder (13.2%), and Rabdosia rugosa (Wall. ex Benth.) H. Hara (9.4%) | Fragaria nubicola (Hook. f.) Lindl. ex Lacaita (15.6%), Cannabis sativa L. (8.3%), Polygonum aviculare L. (6.0%), and Nepeta erecta (Royle ex Benth.) Benth. (4.5%) |
| Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don | — | Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don (57.2%), Salix caprea L. (28.6%), and Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl. (14.3%) | Delphinium cashmerianum Royle (7.2%), Rhodiola himalensis (D. Don) S. H. Fu (5.7%), Bistorta affinis (D. Don) Greene (5.3%), Lactuca macrorhiza (Royle) Hook. f. (4.8%), and Impatiens thomsonii Hook. f. (4.2%) |
| Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don-Salix calyculata Hook. f. ex Andersson mixed | — | Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don (45.65%), Salix calyculata Hook. f. ex Andersson (36.9%), and Viburnum cotinifolium D. Don (8.7%) | F. nubicola (Hook. f.) Lindl. ex Lacaita (19.5%), Bistorta affinis (D. Don) Greene (10.7%), Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims) Sims ex C. B. Clarke (6.7%), Poa annua L. (6.2%), Thalictrum cultratum Wall. (5.7%), and Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill (5.3%) |
| Spiraea canescens D. Don-Cotoneaster bacillaris Wall. ex Lindl.-Berberis jaeschkeana C. K. Schneid. mixed | — | Spiraea canescens D. Don (27.0%), Cotoneaster bacillaris Wall. ex Lindl. (11.5%), and Berberis jaeschkeana C. K. Schneid. (8.2%) | Elsholtzia eriostachya (Benth.) Benth. (17.2%), Fragaria nubicola (Hook. f.) Lindl. ex Lacaita (15.4%), Euphrasia officinalis L. (7.7%), Origanum vulgare L. (7.4%), and Impatiens thomsonii Hook. f. (3.5%) |
| Spiraea canescens D. Don-Lonicera hypoleuca Decne. Mixed | — | Spiraea canescens D. Don. (44.4%), Lonicera hypoleuca Decne (19.0%), and Berberis jaeschkeana C. K. Schneid. (11.1%) | Bromus japonicus Thunb. (10.5%), Cuscuta capitata Roxb. (9.6%), Aconogonum molle (D. Don) H. Hara (7.2%), and Fragaria nubicola (Hook. f.) Lindl. ex Lacaita (6.3%) |
| Herbs | | | |
| Poa alpina L.-Agrostis stolonifera L.-Bistorta affinis (D. Don) Greene-Aconitum violaceum Jacquem. ex Stapf mixed | — | — | Poa alpina L. (25.33%), Agrostis stolonifera L. (13.2%), Bistorta affinis (D. Don) Greene (4.6%), Aconitum violaceum Jacquem. ex Stapf (4.6%), and Heracleum thomsonii C. B. Clarke (4.3%) |
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