Numerical Investigation of Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Rectangular Heated Pipe for Turbulent Nanofluid

Table 2

Comparison between the computed data of Nusselt numbers and the data from two benchmarks at different concentrations for SiO₂/water.

SiO2/water, Re = 15000
Concentration	Nu (simulation)	Nu (Dittus-Boelter)	Nu (Gnielinski)	Discrepancy between simulation and Gnielinski
1%	134.71	112.83	117.97	12.43%
2%	138.26	116.61	121.76	11.93%
3%	142.64	121.42	126.55	11.28%
4%	149.27	127.47	132.50	11.23%
5%	157.19	135.32	140.13	10.85%