Spinal Fusion in the Next Generation: Gene and Cell Therapy Approaches

Table 2

Cell-based gene therapy in animal models of spine fusion.

Fusion site	Specie	Cell treatment	Scaffold	Reference
BM-MSC
PF	Rat	None	Matrigel	[58]
PLF	Macaque	None	b-TCP	[59]
PLF	Goat	None	Ceramics	[60]
PLF	Rabbit	None	CRM	[61]
PLF	Mouse	None	Collagen	[62]
PLF	Rabbit	None	ProOsteon 500 R	[51]
PLF	Rat	None	Ceramic	[63]
PLF	Rabbit	None	HA/Collagen	[52]
AIBF	Pig	None	mPCL/TCP	[53]
PLF	Rat	Oxysterols	Collagen	[74]
PLF	Rabbit	None	TCP w/wo LIPUS	[75]
PF	Human	None	b-TCP	[76]
PLF	Rabbit	Hyperbaric O2	Alginate	[77]
PLF	Rabbit	AdBMP2	Collagen	[78]
PLF	Rabbit	AdBMP2	None	[79]
PF	Rat	AdBMP7	None	[80]
PLF	Rat	LentiBMP2; AdBMP2	Collagen	[81]
PLF	Rat	LentiBMP2	Collagen	[54]
PLF	Rabbit	rhBMP2	Alginate	[82]
PLF	Rabbit	AdSmad-1c	Gelatin	[83]
ASC
PLF	Rat	None	TCP-Collagen	[53]
PLF	Rat	None	b-TCP-Collagen	[66]
PF	Goat	None	PLCL	[55]
PLF	Rabbit	None	nHAC-PLA	[84]
ACIF	Sheep	None	b-TCP	[85]
MLF	Pig	None	PEEK	[86]
PLF	Rat	rhBMP2	Collagen	[87]
PF	Mice	rhBMP6	None	[88]
PLF	Rat	AdBMP2	Collagen	[56]
VCF	Rat	rhBMP6	Fibrin	[89]

PF: posterior fusion; PLF: posterolateral fusion; AIBF: anterior interbody fusion; AICF: anterior interbody cervical fusion; MLF: multi-level fusion; VCF: vertebral cervical fusion; TCP: tricalcium phosphate; CRM: compression-resistant matrix; HA/Collagen: hydroxyapatite/type 1 collagen; mPCL: medical grade poly (𝜀-caprolactone); LIPUS low-intensity pulsed ultrasound, 𝛽-TCP: beta-tricalcium phosphate; PLCL: poly (L-lactide-co-caprolactone); nHAC-PLA: nanohydroxyapatite-collagen/polylactic acid; PEEK: polyetheretherketone.