Reactive Carbonyl Species In Vivo: Generation and Dual Biological Effects

Table 1

Carbonyl compounds and sources of their generation in vivo.

Nonenzymatic			Enzymatic
Peroxidation of lipids	Glycation	Oxidation of amino acids	Polyol pathway	Glycolysis
Malondialdehyde; 4-Hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal; 4-Oxo-trans-2-nonenal; Glyoxal; Methylglyoxal; Acrolein; Crotonaldehyde; Hexanal	Glyoxal; Methylglyoxal; Glucosone; 3-Deoxyglucosone; Acrolein	Glyoxal; Methylglyoxal; Acrolein; Glycolaldehyde; 2-Hydroxypropanal	3-Deoxyglucosone; 3-Deoxyfructose	Acetaldehyde; Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; Dioxyacetone phosphate; Methylglyoxal