Research Article

A Grammar-Based Semantic Similarity Algorithm for Natural Language Sentences

Table 7

Li’s Dataset [8].

NumberWord pairRaw sentencesHuman Sim.

1cord : smile( ) Cord is strong, thick string.
( ) A smile is the expression that you have on your face when you are pleased or amused, or when you are being friendly.
0.0100

2rooster : voyage( ) A rooster is an adult male chicken.
( ) A voyage is a long journey on a ship or in a spacecraft.
0.0050

3noon : string( ) Noon is 12 o'clock in the middle of the day.
( ) String is thin rope made of twisted threads, used for tying things together or tying up parcels.
0.0125

4fruit : furnace( ) Fruit or a fruit is something which grows on a tree or bush and which contains seeds or a stone covered by a substance that you can eat.
( ) A furnace is a container or enclosed space in which a very hot fire is made, for example to melt metal, burn rubbish, or produce steam.
0.0475

5autograph : shore( ) An autograph is the signature of someone famous which is specially written for a fan to keep.
( ) The shores or shore of a sea, lake, or wide river is the land along the edge of it.
0.0050

6automobile : wizard( ) An automobile is a car.
( ) In legends and fairy stories, a wizard is a man who has magic powers.
0.0200

7mound : stove( ) A mound of something is a large rounded pile of it.
( ) A stove is a piece of equipment which provides heat, either for cooking or for heating a room.
0.0050

8grin : implement( A grin is a broad smile.
( ) An implement is a tool or other pieces of equipment.
0.0050

9asylum : fruit( ) An asylum is a psychiatric hospital.
( ) Fruit or a fruit is something which grows on a tree or bush and which contains seeds or a stone covered by a substance that you can eat.
0.0050

10asylum : monk( ) An asylum is a psychiatric hospital.
( ) A monk is a member of a male religious community that is usually separated from the outside world.
0.0375

11graveyard : madhouse( ) A graveyard is an area of land, sometimes near a church, where dead people are buried.
( ) If you describe a place or situation as a madhouse,you mean that it is full of confusion and noise.
0.0225

12glass : magician( ) Glass is a hard transparent substance that is used to make things such as windows and bottles.
( ) A magician is a person who entertains people by doing magic tricks.
0.0075

13boy : rooster( ) A boy is a child who will grow up to be a man.
( ) A rooster is an adult male chicken.
0.1075

14cushion : jewel( ) A cushion is a fabric case filled with soft material, which you put on a seat to make it more comfortable.
( ) A jewel is a precious stone used to decorate valuable things that you wear, such as rings or necklaces.
0.0525

15monk : slave( ) A monk is a member of a male religious community that is usually separated from the outside world.
( ) A slave is someone who is the property of another person and has to work for that person.
0.0450

16asylum : cemetery( ) An asylum is a psychiatric hospital.
( ) A cemetery is a place where dead people's bodies or their ashes are buried.
0.0375

17coast : forest( ) The coast is an area of land that is next to the sea.
( ) A forest is a large area where trees grow close together.
0.0475

18grin : lad( ) A grin is a broad smile.
( ) A lad is a young man or boy.
0.0125

19shore : woodland( ) The shores or shore of a sea, lake, or wide river is the land along the edge of it.
( ) Woodland is land with a lot of trees.
0.0825

20monk : oracle( ) A monk is a member of a male religious community that is usually separated from the outside world.
( ) In ancient times, an oracle was a priest or priestess who made statements about future events or about the truth.
0.1125

21boy : sage( ) A boy is a child who will grow up to be a man.
( ) A sage is a person who is regarded as being very wise.
0.0425

22automobile : cushion( ) An automobile is a car.
( ) A cushion is a fabric case filled with soft material, which you put on a seat to make it more comfortable.
0.0200

23mound : shore( ) A mound of something is a large rounded pile of it.
( ) The shores or shore of a sea, lake, or wide river is the land along the edge of it.
0.0350

24lad : wizard( ) A lad is a young man or boy.
( ) In legends and fairy stories, a wizard is a man who has magic powers.
0.0325

25forest : graveyard( ) A forest is a large area where trees grow close together.
( ) A graveyard is an area of land, sometimes near a church, where dead people are buried.
0.0650

26food : rooster( ) Food is what people and animals eat.
( ) A rooster is an adult male chicken.
0.0550

27cemetery : woodland( ) A cemetery is a place where dead people's bodies or their ashes are buried.
( ) Woodland is land with a lot of trees.
0.0375

28shore : voyage( ) The shores or shore of a sea, lake, or wide river is the land along the edge of it.
( ) A voyage is a long journey on a ship or in a spacecraft.
0.0200

29bird : woodland( ) A bird is a creature with feathers and wings, females lay eggs, and most birds can fly.
( ) Woodland is land with a lot of trees.
0.0125

30coast : hill( ) The coast is an area of land that is next to the sea.
( ) A hill is an area of land that is higher than the land that surrounds it.
0.1000

31furnace : implement( ) A furnace is a container or enclosed space in which a very hot fire is made, for example to melt metal, burn rubbish or produce steam.
( ) An implement is a tool or other piece of equipment.
0.0500

32crane : rooster( ) A crane is a large machine that moves heavy things by lifting them in the air.
( ) A rooster is an adult male chicken.
0.0200

33hill : woodland( ) A hill is an area of land that is higher than the land that surrounds it.
( ) Woodland is land with a lot of trees.
0.1450

34car : journey( ) A car is a motor vehicle with room for a small number of passengers.
( ) When you make a journey, you travel from one place to another.
0.0725

35cemetery : mound( ) A cemetery is a place where dead people's bodies or their ashes are buried.
( ) A mound of something is a large rounded pile of it.
0.0575

36glass : jewel( ) Glass is a hard transparent substance that is used to make things such as windows and bottles.
( ) A jewel is a precious stone used to decorate valuable things that you wear, such as rings or necklaces.
0.1075

37magician : oracle( ) A magician is a person who entertains people by doing magic tricks.
( ) In ancient times, an oracle was a priest or priestess who made statements about future events or about the truth.
0.1300

38crane : implement( ) A crane is a large machine that moves heavy things by lifting them in the air.
( ) An implement is a tool or other piece of equipment.
0.1850

39brother : lad( ) Your brother is a boy or a man who has the same parents as you.
( ) A lad is a young man or boy.
0.1275

40sage : wizard( ) A sage is a person who is regarded as being very wise.
( ) In legends and fairy stories, a wizard is a man who has magic powers.
0.1525

41oracle : sage( ) In ancient times, an oracle was a priest or priestess who made statements about future events or about the truth.
( ) A sage is a person who is regarded as being very wise.
0.2825

42bird : crane( ) A bird is a creature with feathers and wings, females lay eggs, and most birds can fly.
( ) A crane is a large machine that moves heavy things by lifting them in the air.
0.0350

43bird : cock( ) A bird is a creature with feathers and wings, females lay eggs, and most birds can fly.
( ) A cock is an adult male chicken.
0.1625

44food : fruit( ) Food is what people and animals eat.
( ) Fruit or a fruit is something which grows on a tree or bush and which contains seeds or a stone covered by a substance that you can eat.
0.2425

45brother : monk( ) Your brother is a boy or a man who has the same parents as you.
( ) A monk is a member of a male religious community that is usually separated from the outside world.
0.0450

46asylum : madhouse( ) An asylum is a psychiatric hospital.
( ) If you describe a place or situation as a madhouse, you mean that it is full of confusion and noise.
0.2150

47furnace : stove( ) A furnace is a container or enclosed space in which a very hot fire is made, for example, to melt metal, burn rubbish, or produce steam.
( ) A stove is a piece of equipment which provides heat, either for cooking or for heating a room.
0.3475

48magician : wizard( ) A magician is a person who entertains people by doing magic tricks.
( ) In legends and fairy stories, a wizard is a man who has magic powers.
0.3550

49hill : mound( ) A hill is an area of land that is higher than the land that surrounds it.
( ) A mound of something is a large rounded pile of it.
0.2925

50cord : string( ) Cord is strong, thick string.
( ) String is thin rope made of twisted threads, used for tying things together or tying up parcels.
0.4700

51glass : tumbler( ) Glass is a hard transparent substance that is used to make things such as windows and bottles.
( ) A tumbler is a drinking glass with straight sides.
0.1375

52grin : smile( ) A grin is a broad smile.
( ) A smile is the expression that you have on your face when you are pleased or amused, or when you are being friendly.
0.4850

53serf : slave( ) In former times, serfs were a class of people who had to work on a particular person's land and could not leave without that person's permission.
( ) A slave is someone who is the property of another person and has to work for that person.
0.4825

54journey : voyage( ) When you make a journey, you travel from one place to another.
( ) A voyage is a long journey on a ship or in a spacecraft.
0.3600

55autograph : signature( ) An autograph is the signature of someone famous which is specially written for a fan to keep.
( ) Your signature is your name, written in your own characteristic way, often at the end of a document to indicate that you wrote the document or that you agree with what it says.
0.4050

56coast : shore( ) The coast is an area of land that is next to the sea.
( ) The shores or shore of a sea, lake, or wide river is the land along the edge of it.
0.5875

57forest : woodland( ) A forest is a large area where trees grow close together.
( ) Woodland is land with a lot of trees.
0.6275

58implement : tool( ) An implement is a tool or other pieces of equipment.
( ) A tool is any instrument or simple piece of equipment that you hold in your hands and use to do a particular kind of work.
0.5900

59cock : rooster( ) A cock is an adult male chicken.
( ) A rooster is an adult male chicken.
0.8625

60boy : lad( ) A boy is a child who will grow up to be a man.
( ) A lad is a young man or boy.
0.5800

61cushion : pillow( ) A cushion is a fabric case filled with soft material, which you put on a seat to make it more comfortable.
( ) A pillow is a rectangular cushion which you rest your head on when you are in bed.
0.5225

62cemetery : graveyard( ) A cemetery is a place where dead people's bodies or their ashes are buried.
( ) A graveyard is an area of land, sometimes near a church, where dead people are buried.
0.7725

63automobile : car( ) An automobile is a car.
( ) A car is a motor vehicle with room for a small number of passengers.
0.5575

64midday : noon( ) Midday is 12 o'clock in the middle of the day.
( ) Noon is 12 o'clock in the middle of the day.
0.9550

65gem : jewel( ) A gem is a jewel or stone that is used in jewellery.
( ) A jewel is a precious stone used to decorate valuable things that you wear, such as rings or necklaces.
0.6525