Self-Adaptive Trust Based ABR Protocol for MANETs Using <i>Q</i>-Learning

<table class="table-group" id="tab1"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="3"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td align="left">Level</td><td align="center">Trust value</td><td align="center">Meaning</td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="3"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td align="left">1</td><td align="center"><span style="width: 44.1195ptpx;"><svg height="12.0395pt" id="M77" style="vertical-align:-2.3616pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.6779 44.1195 12.0395" width="44.1195pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path d="M293 -169V-141C218 -131 209 -90 209 -44C209 19 222 85 222 152C222 207 198 255 139 269V273C199 286 222 334 222 388C222 454 209 523 209 588C209 632 218 671 293 681V709C234 709 148 695 148 577C147 513 155 438 155 372C155 337 152 291 64 285V256C152 250 155 204 155 169C156 105 148 31 148 -41C148 -157 234 -169 293 -169Z" id="g113-124"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="347" vert-adv-y="347"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,4.701,0)"><path d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z" id="g113-49"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,11.204,0)"><path d="M95 130C70 130 46 113 46 88C46 72 54 64 59 64C93 55 121 33 121 -3C121 -41 93 -68 44 -88L55 -117C117 -98 186 -56 186 22C186 91 131 130 95 130Z" id="g113-45"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="228" vert-adv-y="228"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,16.564,0)"><path d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z" id="g113-49"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,23.068,0)"><path d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z" id="g113-47"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="228" vert-adv-y="228"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,26.156,0)"><path d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z" id="g113-51"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,32.66,0)"><path d="M244 635C114 635 38 519 38 422C38 317 111 240 217 240C236 240 255 244 277 256L345 292C311 140 203 39 59 15L64 -15C89 -15 150 -5 204 17C339 72 440 202 440 386C440 521 368 635 244 635ZM228 602C326 602 352 479 352 390C352 370 351 347 348 324C327 308 293 296 258 296C174 296 124 369 124 458C124 517 152 602 228 602Z" id="g113-58"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,39.164,0)"><path d="M283 255V284C195 290 192 337 192 375C192 436 200 508 200 580C200 696 116 709 54 709V681C127 671 139 634 139 588C138 524 125 452 125 387C125 333 149 286 209 272V268C148 253 125 206 125 151C126 87 139 16 139 -47C139 -92 127 -131 54 -141V-169C115 -169 200 -152 200 -41C200 32 192 104 192 164C192 202 195 249 283 255Z" id="g113-126"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="347" vert-adv-y="347"></glyph.data></g></svg></span></td><td align="center">Malicious node</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2</td><td align="center"><span style="width: 53.7475ptpx;"><svg height="12.0395pt" id="M78" style="vertical-align:-2.3616pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.6779 53.7475 12.0395" width="53.7475pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path d="M293 -169V-141C218 -131 209 -90 209 -44C209 19 222 85 222 152C222 207 198 255 139 269V273C199 286 222 334 222 388C222 454 209 523 209 588C209 632 218 671 293 681V709C234 709 148 695 148 577C147 513 155 438 155 372C155 337 152 291 64 285V256C152 250 155 204 155 169C156 105 148 31 148 -41C148 -157 234 -169 293 -169Z" id="g113-124"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="347" vert-adv-y="347"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,4.701,0)"><path d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z" id="g113-49"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" 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209C447 311 374 393 267 393C247 393 226 386 204 376L137 343ZM227 337C318 337 361 256 361 173C361 105 336 22 258 22C176 22 126 120 126 240C126 266 127 291 132 310C155 323 189 337 227 337Z" id="g113-55"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,20.797,0)"><path d="M95 130C70 130 46 113 46 88C46 72 54 64 59 64C93 55 121 33 121 -3C121 -41 93 -68 44 -88L55 -117C117 -98 186 -56 186 22C186 91 131 130 95 130Z" id="g113-45"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="228" vert-adv-y="228"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,26.157,0)"><path d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z" id="g113-49"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,32.66,0)"><path d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z" id="g113-47"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="228" vert-adv-y="228"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,35.749,0)"><path d="M447 623H65C61 580 56 530 47 475H76C100 541 106 550 172 550H388C308 376 196 170 91 -1L98 -12L172 -2C268 204 360 408 455 611L447 623Z" id="g113-56"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,42.254,0)"><path d="M244 635C114 635 38 519 38 422C38 317 111 240 217 240C236 240 255 244 277 256L345 292C311 140 203 39 59 15L64 -15C89 -15 150 -5 204 17C339 72 440 202 440 386C440 521 368 635 244 635ZM228 602C326 602 352 479 352 390C352 370 351 347 348 324C327 308 293 296 258 296C174 296 124 369 124 458C124 517 152 602 228 602Z" id="g113-58"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,48.759,0)"><path d="M283 255V284C195 290 192 337 192 375C192 436 200 508 200 580C200 696 116 709 54 709V681C127 671 139 634 139 588C138 524 125 452 125 387C125 333 149 286 209 272V268C148 253 125 206 125 151C126 87 139 16 139 -47C139 -92 127 -131 54 -141V-169C115 -169 200 -152 200 -41C200 32 192 104 192 164C192 202 195 249 283 255Z" id="g113-126"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="347" vert-adv-y="347"></glyph.data></g></svg></span></td><td align="center">Companion node</td></tr><tr><td align="left">4</td><td align="center"><span style="width: 37.592ptpx;"><svg height="12.0395pt" id="M80" style="vertical-align:-2.3616pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.6779 37.592 12.0395" width="37.592pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path d="M293 -169V-141C218 -131 209 -90 209 -44C209 19 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transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,26.156,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z" id="g113-50"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,32.66,0)"><path d="M283 255V284C195 290 192 337 192 375C192 436 200 508 200 580C200 696 116 709 54 709V681C127 671 139 634 139 588C138 524 125 452 125 387C125 333 149 286 209 272V268C148 253 125 206 125 151C126 87 139 16 139 -47C139 -92 127 -131 54 -141V-169C115 -169 200 -152 200 -41C200 32 192 104 192 164C192 202 195 249 283 255Z" id="g113-126"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="347" vert-adv-y="347"></glyph.data></g></svg></span></td><td align="center">Trustworthy node</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="3"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

The Scientific World Journal

tab1

Table 1

Table 1: Self-Adaptive Trust Based ABR Protocol for MANETs Using <i>Q</i>-Learning 

The Scientific World Journal

Self-Adaptive Trust Based ABR Protocol for MANETs Using Q-Learning

Table 1