Validation of a Novel Virtual Reality Simulator for Robotic Surgery

Table 3

Face validity (simulator and exercises).

Questions	Group 1; Novice; (𝑛=15)	Group 2; Intermediate; (𝑛=14)	Group 3; Expert; (𝑛=13)	Mean; (𝑛=42)
Simulator in general
What do you think of the realism of the next issues?; (1 = very unrealistic…5 = very realistic)
Simulator itself (hardware)	3.8±0.8	4.2±0.7	4.2±0.6	4.1±0.7
Visual graphics	4.3±0.5	4.4±0.7	4.0±1.1	4.3±0.8
Movements of the instruments	3.8±0.9	4.4±0.7	4.2±0.7	4.1±0.8
Interaction with objects	3.9±0.9	4.2±0.7	4.4±0.8	4.2±0.8
Depth perception	3.7±0.9	4.6±0.5	3.7±1.4	4.0±1.1
Exercise 1 “Camera Targeting”
Do you think the goal of the exercise is reached?; (1 = surely not…5 = surely yes)	4.5±0.5	4.57±0.5	4.4±0.5	4.5±0.5
What is your opinion according to the following issues?; (1 = very bad…5 = very good)
Content of the exercise	4.4±0.6	4.2±0.9	4.4±0.8	4.3±0.8
Training capacity of the exercise	4.5±0.6	4.4±0.8	4.5±0.7	4.5±0.7
Difficulty of the exercise	3.3±1.0	3.6±0.8	2.0±1.1	3.0±1.2
Exercise 2 “Thread the Rings”
Do you think the goal of the exercise is reached?; (1 = surely not…5 = surely yes)	4.3±1.0	4.2±0.89	4.6±0.7	4.4±0.9
What is your opinion according to the following issues?; (1 = very bad…5 = very good)
Content of the exercise	4.5±0.6	4.5±0.7	4.5±0.7	4.5±0.6
Training capacity of the exercise	4.3±0.6	4.6±0.6	4.9±0.4	4.6±0.6
Difficulty of the exercise	3.5±0.9	3.3±1.1	3.0±1.0	3.3±1.0
Exercise 3 “Peg Board”
Do you think the goal of the exercise is reached?; (1 = surely not…5 = surely yes)	4.3±0.9	4.2±0.58	4.6±0.5	4.4±0.7
What is your opinion according to the following issues?; (1 = very bad…5 = very good)
Content of the exercise	4.4±0.7	4.2±0.6	4.4±0.7	4.3±0.7
Training capacity of the exercise	4.3±0.8	4.3±0.8	4.5±0.7	4.4±0.8
Difficulty of the exercise	2.9±0.9	2.9±0.9	2.5±1.2	2.7±0.9

Values expressed in mean on a 1 to 5 Likert scale ± SD.