From Flower to Honey Bouquet: Possible Markers for the Botanical Origin of Robinia Honey

Table 1

SPME-GC/MS analyses of five samples of black locust honeys. Samples have different geographical origins along the Italian Peninsula, but their botanical origin was assessed by melissopalinological and sensory analyses before proceeding with volatile extraction.

Peaks	Retention time	Name	Sample 1	Sample 2	Sample 3	Sample 4	Sample 5
1	5.570	Dimethyl sulfide		0.13		0.43
2	6.117	Octane	1.12	2.65	0.57	0.62	1.51
3	6.762	Acetone		0.19		0.14	0.36
4	8.541	Nonane		0.48		0.61
5	9.364	2-Methylbutanal		0.13
6	9.479	3-Methylbutanal	0.24	0.18		0.31
7	11.777	2-Pentanone, 3-pentanone		0.28	0.44	1.28
8	13.952	Pentanal 3-methyl		0.36
9	14.061	3-Buten-2-ol-2-methyl	0.15	0.17	0.14	0.24	0.23
10	16.002	Hexanal	0.73	0.60	2.53	0.99	0.78
11	16.706	2-Butenal-2-methyl			0.40	0.68	3.18
12	18.033	Butanenitrile-3-methyl	0.60	0.74		0.21
13	19.325	β-Pinene				0.99
14	20.380	2-Heptanone	0.12
15	20.521	Hexanal-3-methyl			5.90
16	20.538	Hexanal-5-methyl		0.40
17	21.088	Limonene		0.68		0.23	0.89
18	21.440	2-Butenal-3-methyl	0.75		0.70		2.04
19	21.457	Furan-2,3-dihydro-4-methyl		0.54
20	22.226	(E)-2-Hexenal				0.74
21	22.765	4,4-Dimethyl-3-oxopentanenitrile	2.11			0.59
22	22.771	1-Pentene-4,4-dimethyl		3.19
23	23.160	3-Buten-1-ol-3-methyl	0.55	0.71	0.36	0.87	2.11
24	23.346	uk: 73, 147, 74, 45	0.84	0.86	1.13		0.73
25	24.700	(+)-4-Carene		0.09
26	24.976	Octanal	2.13	1.69	6.98	2.07	2.08
27	25.875	2-Heptanol	0.11
28	26.110	2-Buten-1-ol-3-methyl	0.69	0.48	0.50	1.69	2.68
29	26.968	5-Hepten-2-one-6-methyl	0.76	0.42	0.37	0.21	0.24
30	27.307	Hexanol	0.13	0.12	0.22	0.26	1.19
31	28.681	(Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol	0.22
32	29.214	Nonanal	16.17	13.88	24.11	14.83	16.75
33	29.480	uk: 73, 147, 57, 221	3.13	2.85	2.97		4.56
34	30.426	Dihydro-alpha-terpinyl acetate	0.12
35	30.806	(E)-2-Ottenale			0.17
36	31.091	cis-Linalool oxide (furan)	9.20	9.47	8.86	9.79	8.89
37	31.298	1-Heptanol			0.98
38	31.721	7-Octen-2-ol-2,6-dimethyl		0.08
39	32.207	Furfural	4.44	4.44	4.34	4.93	4.41
40	32.577	1-Hexanol-2-ethyl	1.12	0.80	0.54	0.50	0.87
41	33.231	Decanale	2.95	3.64	2.34	1.59	4.02
42	33.499	Hexane-1-nitro			0.27
43	33.608	2-Nonanol	0.53	0.36	0.25		0.25
44	34.707	Linalool	15.60	14.18	15.49	16.85	12.80
45	34.992	Lilac aldehyde B	0.44	0.81	0.40	1.02	0.34
46	35.090	3-Pentanol-3-methyl	1.90	1.01	2.70	1.42	1.54
47	35.535	Lilac aldehyde C	0.42	0.90	0.39	1.06	0.32
48	35.829	Lilac aldehyde D	0.19	0.48	0.22	0.62	0.19
49	36.732	Lilac aldehyde A	0.20	0.59	0.25	0.76	0.21
50	37.050	Hotrienol	17.79	20.29	17.67	26.30	19.65
51	38.259	Menthol	0.13	0.09
52	38.432	Myrtenal				0.11
53	38.600	(E)-2-Decenal	0.12	0.06	0.88
54	38.680	1-Nonanol	0.38	0.77	0.38	0.55	0.36
55	38.873	Phenylacetaldehyde	0.66	2.44			0.63
56	39.907	2(3H)-Furanone, 5-ethenyldihydro-5-methyl-	0.22			0.34
57	40.278	α-Terpineol	0.61	0.53	0.37	0.43	0.27
58	40.517	4-Oxoisophorone	0.55	0.33	0.16	0.72	0.41
59	40.607	2-Dodecanol	0.12	0.19			0.17
60	41.624	uk: 133, 68, 151, 59	0.82		0.92
61	41.944	Linalool oxide (Z-pyranoid)	0.33	0.69	0.11
62	42.091	1-Decanol		0.09
63	44.609	β-Damascenone	0.71	0.61	0.50	0.91	0.76
64	45.354	Z-Geranylacetone	0.17	0.23	0.18		0.17
65	46.216	Benzyl alcohol	0.88	0.31	0.63	0.86	0.59
66	47.332	2-Phenylethyl alcohol	2.63	1.48	2.49	1.46	2.61
67	48.114	Benzyl nitrile	0.07
68	48.452	1-Dodecanol	1.50	0.68	0.13		0.19
69	54.276	1-Tetradecanol	0.21	0.14
70	54.852	Thymol	3.14	1.23