A Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Chlorogenic Acid and Sesquiterpene Lactone Content in Industrial Chicory Root Foodstuffs

Table 1

Contents of CGA (5-CQA, 3,5-diCQA) and STL (DHLc, Lc, DHdLc, dLc, DHLp, Lp) in the root, flour, and roasted grains extracted by different solvents and solvent mixtures.

Solvents/solvent mixtures^a	Metabolites^b-g/g of dry matter ± SD									value
	5-CQA	3,5-diCQA	DHLc	Lc	DHdLc	dLc	DHLp	Lp	TOTAL
Root
MeOH	52.5 ± 15.8^bc	41.3 ± 12.9^ab	26.7 ± 8.5^b	52.8 ± 15.7^bc	37.9 ± 3.7^ab	3.6 ± 0.2^c	3.8 ± 1^cd	36.4 ± 2.7^c	255 ± 56.1
EtOH	4.3 ± 0.7^d	9.7 ± 2.2^c	3.8 ± 0.5^c	8.9 ± 1^d	8.4 ± 1.3^d	0.9 ± 0.05^d	2.2 ± 0.1^c	13.1 ± 1.1^d	51.3 ± 6.8	—
CHCl3	3.6 ± 0.3^d	1.9 ± 0.4^d	4.8 ± 0.4^c	8.6 ± 0.5^d	4.7 ± 0.2^e	1 ± 0.07^e	1.4 ± 0.2^d	9.8 ± 0.4^e	35.8 ± 0.8
H2O/MeOH	66.2 ± 0.9^c	37.4 ± 0.7^b	48.7 ± 2.4^a	88.6 ± 3.2^ab	39.4 ± 0.3^b	5.6 ± 0.06^a	20.9 ± 0.6^a	38.3 ± 0.07^c	345.1 ± 6.5
MeOH/H2O/AAC	73.5 ± 1^b	50.4 ± 0.8^a	42.5 ± 1.5^b	77.7 ± 2.8^c	42.4 ± 1.2^a	4.5 ± 0.4^b	6.1 ± 0.4^b	44.7 ± 1.5^b	341.8 ± 7.8
H2O/CHCl3/MeOH	91.9 ± 5.7^a	8.3 ± 0.7^c	53.3 ± 3.3^a	97.4 ± 5.5^a	24.3 ± 0.3^c	6.8 ± 1.3^ab	18.9 ± 1.2^a	54 ± 3.3^a	354.9 ± 15.3
Flour
MeOH	239.7 ± 29.3^c	131.9 ± 19.2^c	56.1 ± 5.3^d	58.7 ± 10.9^d	115.8 ± 17.4^c	5 ± 0.7^c	10.8 ± 0.9^b	48 ± 8.5^cd	666 ± 91.2
EtOH	35.8 ± 3.2^e	46.8 ± 3.9^d	15 ± 2.1^f	46.3 ± 6.4^d	59.4 ± 6.9^d	3.6 ± 1^c	7.8 ± 1.4^c	58.5 ± 5.8^c	273.2 ± 30.7	—
CHCl3	107.7 ± 11.6^d	58 ± 2.5^d	30.3 ± 1.5^e	39.5 ± 1.5^d	64.4 ± 2.9^d	3.7 ± 0.1^c	7.5 ± 0.08^c	38.8 ± 0.5^d	349.9 ± 18.1
H2O/MeOH	590.9 ± 21.3^b	281.4 ± 16.3^b	117.7 ± 3.5^b	125.1 ± 4^b	240.5 ± 8.6^b	19.4 ± 1.4^b	22.8 ± 2.2^a	87.4 ± 7.2^ab	1,485.2 ± 64.5
MeOH/H2O/AAC	557.6 ± 17.9^b	300.2 ± 11.9^b	104.3 ± 1.1^c	103.8 ± 5.3^c	235.8 ± 11.6^b	29.3 ± 1.5^a	19 ± 1.1^a	83.6 ± 4^b	1,433.6 ± 54.4
H2O/CHCl3/MeOH	810.7 ± 24.8^a	410.6 ± 38.3^a	147.8 ± 7.3^a	150 ± 1^a	318.8 ± 29.7^a	38.3 ± 6.5^a	27.2 ± 3.8^a	110.4 ± 11.8^a	2,013.8 ± 123.2
Roasted grain
MeOH	345.4 ± 38.7^c	79.4 ± 8.4^c	3.1 ± 1.1^a	32.3 ± 3.4^a	43.9 ± 4.3^c	5.2 ± 3.3^b	4.4 ± 0.9^a	22 ± 1.4^b	535.7 ± 61.5
EtOH	56.5 ± 4.5^d	20.2 ± 3.4^d	0.3 ± 0.1^b	14.4 ± 1.7^d	16.1 ± 3.3^d	nd	0.5 ± 0.7^cd	12.5 ± 0.9^c	120.5 ± 14.6	—
CHCl3	37.5 ± 14.7^d	16.9 ± 1.3^d	0.3 ± 0.3^b	13.1 ± 1.8^d	12.9 ± 0.8^d	nd	2.3 ± 0.2^b	11.6 ± 1.3^c	94.6 ± 20.4
H2O/MeOH	564 ± 28.3^a	143.4 ± 9.1^a	nd	22.1 ± 3.6^bc	64.2 ± 3.5^ab	nd	nd	26.7 ± 4.2^ab	820.4 ± 48.7
MeOH/H2O/AAC	375.4 ± 8.1^c	92.6 ± 9.1^c	nd	16.5 ± 1.6^cd	61.7 ± 8.4^b	nd	1 ± 0.07^d	18.2 ± 0.8^a	565.4 ± 28.1
H2O/CHCl3/MeOH	499.6 ± 22.8^b	119.2 ± 10.4^b	1.3 ± 2.3^ab	22.9 ± 0.1^b	92.8 ± 7.9^a	16.4 ± 5.4^a	1.3 ± 0.09^c	25.7 ± 3.3^ab	779.2 ± 51.9

Different letters in the same column within the same product indicate significant differences ().
value: calculated by comparison to the results obtained with ethanol extraction.
^aMeOH: methanol 100%; EtOH: ethanol 100%; CHCl₃: chloroform 100%; H₂O/MeOH: water/methanol 25/75 (v/v); MeOH/H₂O/AAC: methanol/water/acetic acid 75/24/1 (v/v/v); H₂O/CHCl₃/MeOH: water/chloroform/methanol 30/30/40 (v/v/v).
^b5-CQA: 5-mono-O-caffeoylquinic acid; 3,5-diCQA: 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid; DHLc: 11(S),13-dihydrolactucin; Lc: lactucin; DHdLc: 11(S),13-dihydro-8-deoxylactucin; dLc: 8-deoxylactucin; DHLp: 11(S),13-dihydrolactucopicrin; Lp: lactucopicrin.
SD: standard deviations obtained by three repetitions.
nd: not detected.