A Review of Intraoperative Goal-Directed Therapy Using Arterial Waveform Analysis for Assessment of Cardiac Output
Figure 1
Different methods of arterial waveform analysis. (a) The PiCCO system utilizes the area under the curve of the systolic portion of the arterial waveform to calculate cardiac output, as depicted by the shaded area of the waveform on the right. (b) The LiDCO system uses pulse power analysis by first transforming the arterial waveform into a volume versus time waveform, as shown in the middle of the panel. Next, autocorrelation using a sine wave (solid black curve on the right of the panel) and a sine squared wave (dotted blue line on the right of the panel) estimates a nominal stroke volume, which can then be converted to cardiac output via calibration. (c) The FloTrac system samples multiple data points continuously, as depicted by the red lines. The standard deviation of the pressure data points around the mean arterial pressure is linearly related to stroke volume, which is then used to calculate cardiac output.
