Undernutrition and Its Correlates among Children of 3–9 Years of Age Residing in Slum Areas of Bhubaneswar, India
Table 4
Univariate model showing association between stunting among slum children and various individual and sociodemographic characteristics.
Independent variable
Stunting
Total (%)
“” value*
Absent
Present
Number (%)
Number (%)
Age (in years) of child
3–6
63 (39.4)
97 (60.6)
160 (64.3)
0.190
6–9
43 (48.3)
46 (51.7)
89 (35.7)
Gender of child
Female
77 (45.2)
93 (54.7)
170 (68.3)
0.058
Male
29 (36.7)
50 (63.3)
79 (31.7)
Birth order of child
First
33 (39.8)
50 (60.2)
83 (33.3)
0.429
Second
54 (43.5)
70 (56.5)
124 (49.8)
Third
19 (45.2)
23 (54.8)
42 (16.9)
Initiation of breastfeeding
Within 1 hr
44 (40.7)
64 (59.3)
108 (43.4)
0.528
Between 1 and 24 hrs
50 (45.5)
60 (54.5)
110 (44.2)
After 24 hrs
12 (38.7)
19 (61.3)
31 (12.4)
Mother’s age (in years) at birth of child
≤20
20 (28.6)
50 (71.4)
70 (28.1)
0.015
21–30
72 (49.3)
74 (50.7)
146 (58.6)
≥30
14 (42.4)
19 (57.6)
33 (13.3)
Mother’s education
Illiterate
23 (32.9)
47 (67.1)
70 (28.1)
0.093
Primary
24 (32.4)
50 (67.6)
74 (29.7)
Middle
39 (51.3)
37 (48.7)
76 (30.5)
High school and above
20 (69.0)
09 (31.0)
29 (11.7)
Father’s education
Illiterate
21 (27.6)
55 (72.4)
76 (30.5)
0.107
Primary
29 (45.3)
35 (54.7)
64 (25.7)
Middle
32 (48.5)
34 (51.5)
66 (26.5)
High school and above
24 (55.8)
19 (44.2)
43 (17.3)
Type of familya
Joint
10 (32.3)
21 (67.7)
31 (12.4)
0.327
Nuclear
96 (44)
122 (56.0)
218 (87.6)
Per capita monthly incomeb
<Rs. 2000
14 (31.8)
30 (68.2)
44 (17.7)
0.235
Rs. 2000–Rs. 4000
53 (39.8)
80 (60.2)
133 (53.4)
≥Rs. 4000
39 (54.2)
33 (45.8)
72 (28.9)
Overcrowding
Absent
34 (47.2)
38 (52.8)
72 (28.9)
0.387
Present
72 (40.7)
105 (59.3)
177 (71.1)
Toilet facility
Absent
26 (32.1)
55 (67.9)
81 (32.5)
0.019
Present
80 (47.6)
88 (52.4)
168 (67.5)
Drinking water storage
Satisfactory
44 (55.7)
35 (44.3)
79 (31.7)
0.007
Unsatisfactory
62 (36.5)
108 (63.5)
170 (68.3)
Significance is based on adjusted chi-square statistic.
aJoint family consists of two or more married couples and their children living together in the same household, all the men being related by blood of patrilineal descent. Nuclear family consists of the married couple and their dependent children, residing in the same household.
bOne US dollar is equivalent to Rs. 60 (approximately).
