Abstract
This paper presents a compact planar triband bandstop filter (TBBSF) with compact size and high selectivity. The structure of the filter incorporates two folded trisection stepped-impedance resonators (TSSIRs). One of these resonators is designed to operate at the first and third center frequencies and the other resonator is designed to operate at the second center frequency of the proposed filter. To achieve a compact size filter, alternating impedance lines of the resonators are folded widthwise and also one resonator is embedded within another. Theoretical analysis and design procedures are described, including the synthesis equations for each resonator. The main advantage of the proposed method is that the filter provides flexibility to tune the second center frequency and control the corresponding bandwidth without changing the first and third stop band response. Additionally, several reflection zeros (RZs) are introduced in the pass band to improve its flatness. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed design method, both the first and second order TBBSFs were designed, simulated, and fabricated, with center frequencies of 1.92 GHz, 3.55 GHz, and 5.5 GHz.
1. Introduction
There is an increasing demand for multiband bandstop filters (BSFs) in the rapidly growing modern multifunctional communication systems such as WiMax, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), and mobile communication system. The multiband BSFs used in the multiband transceivers of these systems effectively suppress the unwanted signals of different specific frequency bands. Compared to the single-band BSFs, these filters are more popular among the researchers because they can greatly reduce the circuit size and lower the cost of the product. Moreover, these filters have the additional advantages of low pass band insertion loss and minimal group delay [1].
Recently, researchers have been extensively investigating the use of triple-band bandstop filters (TBBSFs) [2–6] in the rapidly evolving WiMax and WLAN systems. The major design trends for these filters are compact size, high performance, and the flexibility to control the individual stop band response. Previous research has proposed several effective approaches for designing dual-band BSFs [7–11]. However, the design of a compact size TBBSF with good skirt selectivity and individually controlled stop bands still remains an ongoing challenge, which may be partially due to increased design complexities with more operation bands. Therefore, this paper mainly focuses on the design of a new-structure of a TBBSF with both compact size and sharp skirt selectivity. Additionally, the proposed work has paid more attention to add more flexibility to the control of the individual center frequency and its corresponding bandwidth, while also miniaturizing the size of the filter. The proposed structure of the TBBSF incorporates two parallel-connected trisection stepped-impedance resonators (TSSIRs) shunt-connected to a planar transmission line. One of these resonators creates the first and third stop band and the other inserts an individually controllable second stop band between them. To improve the selectivity of the filter, this paper also describes the second-order TBBSF, which is formed by replicating the similar combination of two TSSIRs with the same planar transmission line at a certain electrical separation from the first. The second-order filter exhibits both improved insertion losses and return losses, but at a price of an increase in the circuit size. Additionally, four open-end impedance lines, which are associated with the structure of the filter, include several reflection zeros (RZs) in the pass band to improve its flatness [12–14]. The designed second-order filter operates at 1.92 GHz, 3.55 GHz, and 5.50 GHz with corresponding bandwidths of 48.0%, 30.2%, and 19.1%, respectively, and can be a very good candidate for application in GSM-1900, WiMax, and WLAN systems.
2. Design and Theoretical Analysis
A TSSIR has alternating sections of very high and very low impedance lines. As a result, the resonator can support 90° simultaneously at multiple resonant frequencies and is very suitable for the realization of compact multiband BSFs [7–9]. However, if a single TSSIR is used to realize a TBBSF, three stop bands with a wide range of possible frequency gaps and possible bandwidths are very difficult to achieve because the change in electrical length or impedance of any section of such resonator causes change in more than one stop band response. Therefore, the use of two TSSIRs for realizing TBBSF is proposed in this work. One of these TSSIRs creates the first and the third stop bands with a wide gap and the other TSSIR is used to insert the tunable second stop band between them.
2.1. Configuration of the TSSIR and the TBBSF
The configuration of the general TSSIR is shown in Figure 1(a) and the proposed with characteristic impedances and electrical lengths of (, ), (, ), and (, ) are shown in Figure 1(b). resonates at the first and third center frequencies of the proposed filter. Figure 1(c) shows another proposed with characteristic impedances and electrical lengths of (, ), (, ), and (, ) and it resonates at the second center frequency of the proposed filter. Figure 2(a) shows the proposed TBBSF with order . To realize this filter, is first shunt-connected with a 50 Ω planar transmission line. is then embedded within in a way as shown in the figure that it does not increase the original circuit size of the filter. Figure 2(b) models the equivalent circuit of Figure 2(a) using three series resonators connected in parallel. The resonators , , and resonate at the first, second, and third center frequencies denoted by , , and , respectively. When the series resonator resonates at , the input signal is shorted to ground, while series resonators and behave as an open circuit and have no influence on the input signal. A similar operation occurs when the resonators and resonate at and , respectively, and thus the circuit acts as TBBSF. To improve the skirt selectivity of the filter, its order is increased to by replicating the shunt connection of the similar combination of two TSSIRs at a separation of with the same transmission line, as shown in Figure 3(a). Figure 3(b) models the equivalent circuit of Figure 3(a) using all-shunt-connected series resonators and an admittance inverter ( inverter).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
Now, both of the resonators, shown by the dotted blocks in Figure 3(b), resonate at , with the input signal shorted and opened, to form a stop band with a higher return loss. Similarly, the second and third stop bands with improved return losses are obtained using pair of series resonators and , respectively. Based on the frequency mapping [15] from the low-pass prototype to the bandstop, the elements can be determined using , (for elements on the left side of the inverter) and , (for elements on the right side of the inverter). Here, the subscript represents for the letters , , and , which denote the first, second, and the third band, respectively, , , and representing the corresponding bandwidths of the first, second, and third band, respectively, and and are the element values of the low-pass filter prototype. For the proposed TBBSF with center frequencies of 1.92 GHz, 3.55 GHz, and 5.5 GHz and corresponding fractional bandwidths of 60%, 35%, and 25%, respectively, the values of equivalent circuit components are nH, nH, nH, pF, pF, pF, nH, nH, nH, pF, pF, and pF.
The input impedance of a generalized trisection SIR can be expressed as The impedance of the parallel-serial resonator in either Figures 2(b) or 3(b) can be derived as which does not take into account.
2.2. Synthesis Equations and Analysis of Resonator Characteristics
The proposed TSSIR and its equivalent circuit should have the same reactance slope parameter, [16] to obtain the required bandwidths. Thus, the resonant condition and the reactance slope parameter at the two resonant frequencies can be used to obtain four simultaneous equations, which are given by where is the frequency ratio , is the second resonant frequency for and third center frequency for the proposed TBBSF, and , , and are all specified at the . To determine six design parameters (, , , , , and ) of TSSIR using four simultaneous equations (3a), (3b), (3c), and (3d), and are taken as degrees of freedom. However, the resonant frequencies and associated bandwidths of the TSSIR realized with these parameters differ slightly from expected values, because they change with the variations in and . Therefore, the design parameters obtained by solving (3a), (3b), (3c), and (3d) are optimized with the help of full wave EM simulator to get the expected results.
In the proposed TBBSF, is used to realize the first and the third stop bands. To achieve these stop bands, the design parameters , , , , , and must be determined for the desired and and the corresponding bandwidths and , respectively. However, only four simultaneous equations (3a), (3b), (3c), and (3d) are available. Therefore, the impedance ratios and are used as degrees of freedom. However, when , becomes a two-sectioned SIR. Therefore, is varied from 0.6 to 1.8 (taking the structure of the proposed filter and the practical value of Ω and Ω into account) for (<1), 0.77 (<1), and 1.2 (>1) for the parametric study of the design parameters of the . The remaining four parameters , , , and can be obtained by solving the available four simultaneous equations by using a root-searching program. Additionally, the resonator behavior is much guided by open-end impedance line and, therefore, the aforementioned range of is obtained by varying at a fixed . The open-end line of TSSIR acts as equivalent inductor or capacitor depending upon the value of relative to . If , the change in causes more effective changes in and compared to and . Therefore, the changes in only and are considered to describe the change in the first and third stop band response of the TBBSF. However, the change in causes more effective changes in and compared to and , provided that . Therefore, the changes in only and are considered to describe the change in stop band response of the proposed filter for this case. The variation of for the varied impedance ratios is shown in Figure 4, which indicates that can be varied within a maximum range from 2.60 to 3.84 when . To carry out the further analysis of the proposed , is, therefore, maintained at 0.77. The proposed structure of the filter requires higher value of for allowing to be embedded within , which must be maintained while determining the design parameters for . However, higher value of causes to be more inductive than capacitive, and, therefore, changes in result in more effective changes in and (from the equivalent circuit in Figure 2(a)) compared to and . Figure 5 plots the center frequencies of the filter for the variations in and shows that and increase and decrease, respectively, with increase in . Thus, decreases with an increase in . This result is explained more clearly with the help of equivalent shunt-connected series circuit shown in Figure 2(b). For a shunt-connected series circuit, resonance frequency and corresponding 3 dB bandwidth can be, respectively, expressed as Therefore, the increase and decrease in and are expected according to (5) because of respective decrease and increase in and with an increase in . Figure 5 also plots the changes in the bandwidths for different stop bands with changes in . The and increase and decrease according to (6), respectively, because increase in causes respective decrease and increase in and . However, remains almost unchanged.
In the proposed TBBSF, , which introduces the second stop band in the response of the filter, is shunted to the of to share the same impedance section. If a uniform impedance resonator (UIR) is used to replace to simplify the design and analysis of the TBBSF, the necessary condition of always results in single value of . Even if is used, it becomes two-section SIR. However, UIR with a fixed impedance value cannot be used to control the bandwidth of second stop band effectively. Therefore, the use of is preferred to realize the second stop band instead of UIR. Additionally, can also be used as UIR with all impedance sections having equal characteristic impedance. For analyzing , and are used as degrees of freedom. is varied from 0.6 to 1.8 for for a predetermined and a fixed . The remaining two parameters and can be obtained by solving (3a) and (3c). The proposed structure of the filter causes lower value of , which must be maintained while determining the design parameters for . As a result, can be shorter than for the proposed . Figure 6 plots the center frequencies of the TBBSF with the variation in , which indicates that increases with an increase in . This behavior is expected, because (from the equivalent circuit) increases with an increase in . However, and remain unaffected with an increase in . Figure 6, which also plots the variations in the bandwidth for different stop bands with the changes in , indicates that and remain almost the same, while decreases rapidly with an increase in .
To control the second stop band response of the proposed TBBSF, can be varied from 1.26° to 17.19° (calculated at ) for and . This capability is one of the main advantages of the proposed filter structure, because can be varied in the prestated range of values without changing the structure and size of the filter. When increases, the total electrical length of also increases, which results in an increase in of the equivalent series circuit. Consequently, and plotted in Figure 7 decrease according to (5) and (6), respectively. However, , , , and remain almost unchanged.
2.3. Triband Bandstop Filter Design
By using the proposed design method, a filter was designed to operate at the center frequencies of 1.92 GHz, 3.55 GHz, and 5.5 GHz with the corresponding bandwidths of , , and , respectively. For this, shunt-connected to a 50 Ω planar transmission line with optimized design parameters , Ω, Ω, , , and and shunt-connected to a 50 Ω planar transmission line with optimized design parameters Ω, Ω, Ω, , , and were simulated separately and the simulated results are illustrated in Figure 8. The design parameters for both TSSIRs were evaluated at 1.92 GHz. The designed and were combined together to obtain a TBBSF of and as shown in Figures 2(a) and 3(a), respectively. The electrical length of the simplified admittance inverter between the TSSIRs for the second order filter can be calculated using [17], where , yielding . The bandwidths for different stop bands of TBBSF depend much on and, therefore, it was optimized by the simulator to a value of 62.28°. The detailed physical dimensions of the TBBSF of order illustrated in Figure 3(a) are mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, and mm. The calculated physical length of is 10.544 mm. However, the physical dimensions in Figure 3(a) depict that mm. The same situation exists for = 38.6°. The calculated physical length is 11.90 mm. However, the physical dimensions result in mm. The approximate difference of 0.8 mm appears, because the electrical lengths are calculated neglecting the bending losses at two bends of 0.56 mm wide open-end lines of and . The designed filters were simulated using a full-wave EM simulator, Sonnet, and the simulated results of both filters are shown in Figure 9. The observation of simulation results depicts that the first order TBBSF has center frequencies of 1.9 GHz, 3.55 GHz, and 5.5 GHz with the corresponding bandwidths of , , and , respectively. The second order TBBSF has center frequencies of 1.92 GHz, 3.55 GHz, and 5.5 GHz with the corresponding bandwidths of , , and , respectively. The comparison of the simulated results for both TBBSFs indicates that the second order filter exhibits noticeably improved performance with higher return losses. Additionally, this filter has sharper transition caused by seven reflection zeros introduced in the pass band at 1.35 GHz, 2.52 GHz, 2.82 GHz, 4.30 GHz, 4.73 GHz, 6.90 GHz, and 7 GHz by the increased number of symmetric open-end stubs.
(a)
(b)
3. Implementation and Measurement
To validate the proposed design concept, the designed TBBSFs of both the first and second order were fabricated on a Teflon substrate with dielectric constant , thickness mm, and a loss tangent of 0.02. The fabricated filters were then measured using an Agilent 8510C VNA instrument. Figures 10 and 11 show the simulated and measured responses of the TBBSF of first and second order, respectively, which indicate that both responses have good agreement between the simulation results and the measurements. The center frequencies of the first order filter were measured to be GHz, GHz, and GHz, with respective fractional bandwidths of 50.7%, 27.9%, and 11.2%. The center frequencies of the second order filter were measured to be GHz, GHz, and GHz, with respective fractional bandwidths 46.46%, 28.1%, and 18.62%. The slight deviation observed in the measured results compared to simulated results was attributed to the dielectric substrate loss and the unexpected tolerances in the fabrication and soldering of the ports, which were not modeled during the simulation of the proposed filter [18, 19]. Additionally, an admittance inverter is an ideal inverter with an electrical length of 90° at all frequencies. However, a homogeneous transmission line of fixed length cannot act as ideal inverter at all three stop bands [20]. So frequency shift and bandwidth variation in some stop bands occurred.
The observation of Table 1, which summarizes the simulation and measurement results of the TBBSFs and the comparison of the proposed filters with the other literature in Table 2, indicates that we have obtained a compact size filter with very good insertion and return losses using a similar value of the dielectric constant and relatively lower value of substrate thickness.
4. Conclusions
This paper described TBBSFs based on folded TSSIRs, whose characteristics are well investigated in terms of varying of the impedance ratios and changing the electrical length with the help of both mathematical relationships and simulation results for designing TBBSFs. The center frequencies and corresponding BWs of the proposed filter were shown to be conveniently varied over a wide range without changing the effective size of the filter. Additionally, the second order filter exhibits improved frequency selectivity with minimum return loss of 38 dB for each stop band and improved flat pass band response, but it has a drawback of an increased circuit size. The designed second order filter features three stop bands at 1.92 GHz, 3.55 GHz, and 5.50 GHz with corresponding fractional bandwidths of 48%, 30.2%, and 19.1%, respectively, which is suitable for GSM, WiMAX, and WLAN applications.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP) no. 2013-067321 and a grant supported from the Korean government (MEST) no. 2012R1A1A2004366. This work was also supported by a Research Grant of Kwangwoon University in 2014.