S. No. City/country Sampling period Site characteristics Analysis BZ TOL XYLN MIBK EA STR T/B ratio Reference 1 Pohang/Korea* Jan, 2006–Feb, 2009 Steel, Ferro-alloy industries — On-line TD/GC-FID 0.12 0.18 0.13 — — 0.34 1.50
[18 ] Residential 0.78 2.50 0.66 — — 0.14 3.21 2 Yokohoma/Japan June 2007–Nov, 2008 Petrochemical industries 69 GC-FID 0.70~2.10 1.60~5.20 0.40~2.10 — 0.40~0.60 — —
[19 ] Residential 0.40~0.90 1.90~2.20 0.20~0.70 — 0.60 — — 3 Tzouying/Taiwan Oct-Nov, 2004 Oil refinery 24 GC-MS 1.6~2.5 24.5~42.00 1.5~2.10 — — — — [20 ] 4 Kaohsiung/Taiwan July and Oct, 2003 Petrochemical industrial park (Rush hours) — GC-MS 11.29 160.88 22.07 — — 15.16 14.25
[21 ] Nonrush hours 13.49 101.99 15.15 — — — 7.56 5 Southern Taiwan, Ping-Nan IP July, 2003–Dec, 2004 Iron and steel industries 129 GC-FID 1.98 4.33 3.72 — — — 2.18
[22 ] Rem-Wu IP Petrochemical and general manufacturing industries 1.99 14.52 7.14 — — — 7.29 Naan-Zi IP Petroleum and petrochemical industries 2.17 5.41 4.95 — — — 2.49 6 Shanghai/China Jan, 2007–Mar, 2010 Chemical and steel industries 284 GC-MS 1.81 4.70 1.89 — 2.09 0.14 2.59 [23 ] 7 Mumbai/India* 2004 Petrochemical, pharma, and plastic industries — TD/GC-MS 0.62 1.47 0.02 — — 0.03 2.37 [24 ] 8 Mumbai/India* May 2001–Apr, 2002 Petrochemical industries 24 TD/GC-MS 60.98 20.42 0.03 — — — 0.33
[25 ] Residential 13.71 7.48 0.25 — — — 0.55 9 Dunkerque/France* July–Sep, 2009 Petrochemical, chemical, and steel industries — GC-FID 0.12 0.31 0.19 — — 0.03 2.58 [26 ] 10 Dunkerque/France* Jan, 2007 Petrochemical, chemical, and steel industries — TD/GC-FID 0.58 2.59 0.63 — — — 4.46
[27 ] June, 2007 0.47 0.54 0.18 — — — 1.14 11 Seoul/Korea Feb–Jul, 2009 Urban residential 18 GC-MS 0.58 5.39 1.16 — — 0.45 9.29 [28 ] 12 Yeosu industrial/Korea May, Aug, Oct 2008, Jan 2009 Oil refinery and [petrochemical industries 234 TD/GC-MS 3.65 3.25 3.08 0.11 0.39 0.25 0.89
this study Yeosu residential/Korea Residential 160 TD/GC-MS 1.07 1.61 0.46 0.01 0.11 0.15 1.50 Gwangyang industrial/Korea Steel industries 239 TD/GC-MS 1.64 0.97 1.37 0.01 0.12 0.01 0.59 Gwangyang residential/Korea Residential 199 TD/GC-MS 0.59 0.98 0.48 <0.01 0.10 <0.01 1.66 Suncheon comparison/Korea Residential 240 TD/GC-MS 0.38 0.68 0.26 <0.01 0.07 <0.01 1.79