Reduction of Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Pollutant Using Intelligent Transport Systems

Table 2

Summary of ITS application.

Authors	Application	Technology	Objectives
Fuyama [23]	Electronic toll collection System (ETCS)	Wireless communication between a roadside antenna in a tollgate and a vehicle unit in a moving vehicle	Maintain  a  constant green speed in toll gate
Tengler and Heft [24]	Vehicle Information Communication Systems (VICS)	Provide the traffic and travel data to the drivers by transmitting using wireless technology.	Reducing traffic congestion, traffic accidents, and improving road environment
Glass et al. [25]	Traffic Management Systems (TMS)	TMS include onboard satellite navigation devices as well as dynamic driver assistance and variable message signs.	Transport can be made safer, cheaper, more reliable and greener.
Boatright et al. [26]	Vehicle Navigation System (VNS)	Uses information from a Global Positioning System (GPS) to obtain velocity vectors, which include speed and heading components.	Advice the driver for the shortest and fuel efficient path.
Pfeiffer et al. [27]	Driver Assistance Systems	Based on intelligent sensor technology constantly monitor the vehicle surroundings as well as the driving behavior.	Detect potentially dangerous situations at an early stage and actively support the driver
Hoeger et al. [28]	Automated Driving System	Real-time driving functions necessary to drive a ground-based vehicle without real-time input from a human operator.	Traffic-jam reduction and full-range automated cruise control
Masum et  al. [29]	Urban Traffic Information Systems (UTIS)	Create, analyze and process the location information of moving vehicle to improve convenience by providing improved flow of transportation logistics and analyzed traffic information to driver.	Total management system of the streetlight light and security light and reduction of pollution
Wiering et al. [30]	Intelligent Traffic Light Control System.	Intelligent traffic light control system comprising a microprocessor, a manual input device, an enforced switching device and an intelligent detecting device, where in the microprocessor is used for controlling traffic lights.	Maximize the traffic efficiency of intersection of roads and achieving a best control for traffic.
Lemelson and Pedersen [31]	Vehicle Collision Avoidance System	It uses radar and sometimes laser and camera sensors to detect an imminent crash.	To reduce the severity of an accident which in term reduce congestion.
de Fabritiiset al. [32]	Traffic Estimation and Prediction System	Use computer, communication, and control technologies to monitor, manage, and control the transportation system.	Improve traffic conditions and reduce travel delays.
Smith, et al. [33]	Scalable Urban Traffic Control	The SURTRAC dynamically optimizes the control of traffic signals in three sections: first, decision making in decentralized manner of individual intersections; second is an emphasis on real-time responsiveness to changing traffic condition and finally managing urban road networks.	Objectives include less waiting, reduced traffic congestion, shorter trips, and less pollution.
Blum et al. [34]	Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA)	There are four types of technology used for ISA: GPS, Radio Beacons, Optical recognition, Dead Reckoning	ISA helps to reduction of accident risks and reductions of noise and exhaust emissions.