Accidental Durotomy in Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Frequency, Risk Factors, and Management

Table 1

Characterization and dural closure technique in patients with accidental durotomies.

Patient number	Sex	Age (years)	BMI (kg/m^2)	Level of durotomy	Contralateral decompression?	Site of durotomy	Previous surgery?	Adhesions scarring?	Durotomy during	Closure	Mobilization
1	Male	76.4	29.8	L4/5	Yes	Ipsilateral	Yes	No	Cage implantation	Suture + TachoSil	1st postop. day
2	Female	73.0	27.0	L3/4	Yes	Ipsilateral	No	Yes	Cage implantation	TachoSil	3rd postop. day
				L4/5	Yes	Contralateral	No	Yes	Decompression	TachoSil
3	Female	79.6	27.8	L3/4	Yes	Ipsilateral	No	Yes	Decompression	TachoSil	3rd postop. day
				L4/5	Yes	Contralateral	No	Yes	Decompression	TachoSil
4	Male	68.6	38.2	L2/3	Yes	Ipsilateral	Yes	Yes	Decompression	TachoSil	1st postop. day
5	Male	71.6	33.2	L3/4	No	Ipsilateral	Yes	No	Cage implantation	TachoSil	1st postop. day
6	Female	65.2	32.3	L4/5	Yes	Contralateral	No	Yes	Decompression	TachoSil	1st postop. day
7	Female	71.4	34.0	L4/5	Yes	Ipsilateral	Yes	Yes	Decompression	TachoSil	3rd postop. day
8	Female	89.7	26.7	L4/5	Yes	Contralateral	No	Yes	Decompression	TachoSil	1st postop. day
9	Male	65.6	24.6	L4/5	Yes	Contralateral	No	No	Decompression	TachoSil	1st postop. day
10	Female	55.7	34.1	L3/4	Yes	Ipsilateral	No	No	Cage implantation	Suture + TachoSil	1st postop. day
11	Male	58.2	25.3	L5/S1	No	Ipsilateral	No	No	N/A	TachoSil	1st postop. day
12	Female	59.6	27.1	L4/5	Yes	N/A	No	No	Decompression	Suture + TachoSil	1st postop. day
13	Female	78.9	22.1	L3/4	Yes	Ipsilateral	Yes	No	Cage implantation	Gelfoam + fibrin glue	2nd postop. day
14	Male	66.2	28.4	L4/5	No	Ipsilateral	No	No	Decompression	TachoSil	1st postop. day
15	Male	64.4	34.3	L4/5	No	Ipsilateral	Yes	No	Decompression	TachoSil	1st postop. day
16	Female	55.0	33.8	L4/5	No	Ipsilateral	Yes	Yes	Decompression	TachoSil	1st postop. day
17	Female	74.2	44.3	L3/4	Yes	Ipsilateral	No	No	Decompression	Suture + TachoSil	6th postop. day due to transitory psychotic syndrome
18	Male	73.6	27.6	L4/5	No	Ipsilateral	Yes	Yes	Decompression	Suture + TachoSil	1st postop. day
19	Male	62.4	27.8	L4/5	Yes	Ipsilateral	No	Yes	Decompression	Suture + TachoSil	1st postop. day
20	Female	78.8	34.9	L2/3	No	Ipsilateral	Yes	No	Decompression	TachoSil	2nd postop. day
21	Female	71.7	27.3	L3/4	No	Ipsilateral	Yes	No	Decompression	Suture + TachoSil	1st postop. day
22	Female	75.3	31.0	L4/5	Yes	Ipsilateral	No	Yes	Decompression	Suture + TachoSil	1st postop. day
23	Male	66.0	24.8	L4/5	Yes	Ipsilateral	No	No	Decompression	TachoSil	1st postop. day
24	Male	62.5	30.7	L4/5	Yes	Ipsilateral	Yes	Yes	Cage implantation	TachoSil	1st postop. day
25	Female	75.2	27.9	L4/5	Yes	Contralateral	No	No	Decompression	TachoSil	5th postop. day
26	Female	70.1	40.4	L5/S1	Yes	Contralateral	No	No	Decompression	TachoSil	2nd postop. day
27	Female	65.5	24.2	L4/5	No	Ipsilateral	No	No	Decompression	TachoSil	1st postop. day
28	Male	78.5	24.4	L4/5	No	Ipsilateral	No	No	Decompression	Suture	N/A (died of multiple organ failure on postop. day 8)
29	Male	79.4	26.1	L4/5	Yes	Ipsilateral	No	Yes	Decompression	Suture	1st postop. day
30	Male	44.4	29.2	L4/5	No	Ipsilateral	Yes	Yes	Decompression	None (due to intact arachnoidea)	1st postop. day
Mean		69.2	30.0								1.6
Standard deviation		9.3	5.1								1.3
	16 × female			2 × L2/3	21 × yes	24 × ipsilateral	12 × yes	15 × yes	25 × decompression	20 × TachoSil
	14 × male			7 × L3/4	11 × no	7 × contralateral	20 × no	17 × no	6 × cage implantation	8 × Suture + TachoSil
				21 × L4/5		1 × N/A			1 × N/A	2 × suture
				2 × L5/S1						1 × gelfoam + fibrin glue
										1 × none

BMI: body mass index.
N/A: not available.