The Effect of a 12-Week Moderate Intensity Interval Training Program on the Antioxidant Defense Capability and Lipid Profile in Men Smoking Cigarettes or Hookah: A Cohort Study

Table 4

Blood lipid levels of smokers and nonsmokers before training program (mean ± SD).

Parameters	Nonsmokers	Cigarette smokers	Hookah smokers	ANOVA
HDL-C (mmol⋅L^−1)	1.12 ± 0.12	0.99 ± 0.04	0.97 ± 0.05	= 12.19; < 0.001; = 0.42
LDL-C (mmol⋅L^−1)	2.89 ± 0.22	2.9 ± 0.1	2.75 ± 0.17	= 2.75; = 0.079; = 0.14
TG (mmol⋅L^−1)	0.9 (0.2)	1.28 (0.22)	1.38 ± 0.32	= 12.51; < 0.001; = 0.43
TC (mmol⋅L^−1)	4.42 ± 0.12	4.48 ± 0.09	4.36 ± 0.11^#	= 3.73; = 0.035; = 0.18
HDL-C/TRIG	1.29 ± 0.32	0.8 ± 0.15	0.74 ± 0.15	= 22.45; < 0.001; = 0.58
TC/HDL-C	4 ± 0.44	4.52 ± 0.18	4.49 ± 0.22	= 11.09; < 0.001; = 0.40

HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; significant difference compared with nonsmokers at < 0.001; ^#significant difference compared with cigarettes smokers at = 0.035.