The Effect of a 12-Week Moderate Intensity Interval Training Program on the Antioxidant Defense Capability and Lipid Profile in Men Smoking Cigarettes or Hookah: A Cohort Study

Table 5

Lipid improvement rate () of the three groups after 12 weeks of intermittent training.

Parameters	(): mean ± SD			Results signification
	NS	CS	HS	NS	CS	HS
HDL-C (mmol⋅L^−1)	0.03 ± 0.05	0.04 ± 0.06	0.03 ± 0.05	ns	†	†
LDL-C (mmol⋅L^−1)	−0.06 ± 0.1	−0.05 ± 0.15	−0.05 ± 0.14	ns	ns	ns
TG (mmol⋅L^−1)	−0.03 ± 0.12	−0.08 ± 0.13	−0.07 ± 0.16	ns	ns	ns
TC (mmol⋅L^−1)	−0.04 ± 0.08	−0.05 ± 0.1	−0.05 ± 0.1	ns	ns	ns
HDL-C/TG	0.03 ± 0.22	0.07 ± 0.08	0.05 ± 0.07	ns	ns	ns
TC/HDL-C	−0.13 ± 0.16	−0.2 ± 0.28	−0.2 ± 0.24	ns	††	††

(): mean change; NS: nonsmokers; CS: cigarette smokers; HS: hookah smokers; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; ns: no significant difference ( > 0.05); †, ‡: significant difference before versus after training at < 0.05, < 0.01, respectively.