Coapplication of Chicken Litter Biochar and Urea Only to Improve Nutrients Use Efficiency and Yield of Oryza sativa L. Cultivation on a Tropical Acid Soil
Table 5
Effects of biochar and nitrogen fertilization on soil chemical properties in the pot study.
Treatment
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
pHw
5.3b ± 0.10
5.2b ± 0.07
5.6a ± 0.06
5.8a ± 0.07
5.8a ± 0.06
5.9a ± 0.08
5.8a ± 0.01
5.7a ± 0.09
%
Organic matter
9.80c ± 0.48
17.0b ± 1.47
20.5ab ± 1.04
20.0ab ± 1.00
19.5ab ± 0.29
22.0a ± 1.08
18.8ab ± 1.03
19.3ab ± 1.03
Total carbon
1.13c ± 0.06
1.97b ± 0.17
2.38ab ± 0.12
2.32ab ± 0.12
2.26ab ± 0.03
2.55a ± 0.13
2.18ab ± 0.12
2.23ab ± 0.12
Total N
0.077a ± 0.007
0.056a ± 0.004
0.063a ± 0.007
0.084a ± 0.006
0.070a ± 0.008
0.070a ± 0.008
0.084a ± 0.016
0.077a ± 0.007
mg kg−1
Available NO3−
1.05c ± 0.20
1.93abc ± 0.34
2.10abc ± 0.29
2.45a ± 0.45
2.10abc ± 0.29
2.28ab ± 0.18
1.75abc ± 0.20
1.23bc ± 0.18
Exchangeable
1.75c ± 0.20
8.76a ± 0.45
9.81a ± 0.70
10.33a ± 0.44
10.05a ± 0.44
10.51a ± 0.40
10.16a ± 0.35
4.55b ± 0.45
Exchangeable P
3.75c ± 0.24
7.21c ± 0.77
19.6ab ± 0.92
18.56ab ± 0.96
17.07b ± 4.01
18.23ab ± 0.77
17.59ab ± 0.53
21.26a ± 1.40
Total P
70.08d ± 0.65
116.65c ± 8.78
225.45a ± 16.34
187b ± 5.73
187.65b ± 4.19
202.44ab ± 5.75
214.34b ± 29.05
183.15b ± 19.42
cmol kg−1
CEC
6.60ab ± 0.15
6.35b ± 0.07
7.90a ± 0.30
7.45ab ± 0.44
6.95ab ± 0.26
6.18b ± 0.11
7.33ab ± 0.30
7.13ab ± 44
Exchangeable Acidity
0.68a ± 0.027
0.68a ± 0.006
0.37b ± 0.014
0.35bc ± 0.016
0.34bc ± 0.005
0.32bc ± 0.008
0.31bc ± 0.020
0.29c ± 0.011
Exchangeable Al3+
0.53a ± 0.013
0.53a ± 0.009
0.22b ± 0.009
0.22b ± 0.006
0.24b ± 0.015
0.24b ± 0.009
0.22b ± 0.010
0.20b ± 0.008
Exchangeable H+
0.15ab ± 0.023
0.18a ± 0.013
0.15ab ± 0.014
0.13ab ± 0.020
0.09b ± 0.012
0.09b ± 0.014
0.09b ± 0.012
0.09b ± 0.015
Total K+
2.06a ± 0.32
1.45a ± 0.14
1.57a ± 0.26
1.38a ± 0.12
1.58a ± 0.14
1.61a ± 0.33
1.28a ± 0.25
1.34a ± 0.12
Exchangeable K+
0.30ab ± 0.03
0.18b ± 0.05
0.31ab ± 0.02
0.28ab ± 0.05
0.31ab ± 0.02
0.37a ± 0.05
0.21b ± 0.03
0.27ab ± 0.03
Exchangeable Cu2+
0.050f ± 0.0016
0.060e ± 0.0028
0.082c ± 0.0018
0.089c ± 0.007
0.097b ± 0.0023
0.103ab ± 0.0012
0.110a ± 0.0013
0.072a ± 0.0026
Exchangeable Mn2+
0.15ab ± 0.014
0.13ab ± 0.004
0.17ab ± 0.002
0.13ab ± 0.027
0.13ab ± 0.036
0.08ab ± 0.031
0.15ab ± 0.019
0.18a ± 0.003
Exchangeable Fe2+
0.38ab ± 0.10
0.53a ± 0.04
0.37ab ± 0.03
0.30ab ± 0.08
0.30b ± 0.08
0.18b ± 0.03
0.26b ± 0.04
0.35b ± 0.01
Exchangeable Zn2+
0.006ab ± 0.0003
0.005ab ± 0.0003
0.008ab ± 0.0009
0.007ab ± 0.0006
0.006ab ± 0.0010
0.007ab ± 0.0010
0.009a ± 0.0017
0.004b ± 0.0006
Exchangeable Na+
6.28a ± 2.07
3.42a ± 0.90
6.46a ± 0.97
5.64a ± 3.35
2.60a ± 0.10
6.91a ± 2.10
6.88a ± 1.98
4.64a ± 1.98
Exchangeable Ca2+
17.59b ± 2.27
20.35b ± 1.49
32.74a ± 1.38
29.16ab ± 1.43
26.69ab ± 3.13
25.16ab ± 4.02
28.89ab ± 2.91
27.03ab ± 1.25
Exchangeable Mg2+
6.67a ± 0.86
4.08b ± 0.24
6.75a ± 0.44
5.45ab ± 0.21
4.05b ± 0.52
3.97b ± 0.28
3.29b ± 0.51
7.57a ± 0.59
Different letters within a row indicate significant difference between means of four replicates ± standard error using Tukey’s test at ≤ 0.05.