Coapplication of Chicken Litter Biochar and Urea Only to Improve Nutrients Use Efficiency and Yield of Oryza sativa L. Cultivation on a Tropical Acid Soil

Table 8

Effects of biochar and nitrogen fertilization on measured variables of rice plants in the field study.

Treatment	T1	T2	T4	T5	T6	T7	T8
Plant height (cm)	72.5^c  ±  2.77	93.0^ab  ±  1.42	101.8^a  ±  0.81	100.5^ab  ±  0.83	95.2^ab  ±  1.43	90.7^b  ±  1.34	73.0^c  ±  3.84
Culm height (cm)	58.9^c  ±  2.34	75.8^b  ±  1.03	80.8^a  ±  0.77	81.2^a  ±  1.67	79.4^a  ±  1.51	73.7^a  ±  0.59	58.0^a  ±  4.46
Number of tillers per 0.04 m^2	8^b  ±  0.30	12^ab  ±  0.49	16^a  ±  0.73	15^a  ±  0.29	12^ab  ±  0.40	12^ab  ±  0.34	10^b  ±  0.56
Number of leaves per 0.04 m^2	8^f  ±  0.25	66^c  ±  0.78	81^a  ±  2.74	78^ab  ±  0.50	73^ab  ±  0.64	75^b  ±  0.73	38^e  ±  1.06
Number of panicles per 0.04 m^2	7^d  ±  0.14	11^b  ±  0.18	13^a  ±  0.41	13^a  ±  0.45	10^bc  ±  0.52	9^c  ±  0.74	6^d  ±  0.16
Dry matter yield (g per 0.04 m^2)	5.6^e  ±  0.60	17.0^bc  ±  1.98	27.7^a  ±  2.24	23.2^ab  ±  1.09	19.7^b  ±  0.99	13.1^cd  ±  1.34	7.5^de  ±  1.51
Total grain per panicle	110^bc  ±  11.64	104^c  ±  2.19	136^abc  ±  2.21	160^a  ±  9.57	133^abc  ±  6.43	151^ab  ±  17.08	143^abc  ±  15.28
% total grain filling per panicle	65.92^a  ±  1.81	63.30^a  ±  2.01	66.91^a  ±  1.02	61.46^a  ±  1.93	66.99^a  ±  2.36	67.56^a  ±  1.34	68.51^a  ±  1.26
Yield (t ha^−1)	2.612^d  ±  0.27	4.206^cd  ±  0.19	6.794^ab  ±  0.25	7.559^a  ±  0.43	5.233^bc  ±  0.48	5.184^bc  ±  0.66	3.429^d  ±  0.42

Different letters within a row indicate significant difference between means of four replicates ± standard error using Tukey’s test at ≤ 0.05.