Review Article
Application of Hierarchical/Multilevel Models and Quality of Reporting (2010–2020): A Systematic Review
Table 2
Characteristics of statistical inference and estimation methods.
| Method of estimation | Bayesian | 13 (20.0%) | GEE | 1 (1.5%) | GLS | 2 (3.1%) | MLE | 12 (18.5%) | PQL | 1 (1.5%) | ReML | 3 (4.6%) | ReML and Bayesian | 1 (1.5%) | ReML and MLE | 3 (4.6%) | Weighted least squares | 2 (3.1%) | NI | 27 (41.5%) | Distribution of response | Binary | 24 (36.9%) | Multinomial | 1 (1.5%) | Normal | 31 (47.7%) | Normal and binary | 2 (3.1%) | Ordinal and binary | 1 (1.5%) | Ordinal | 5 (7.7%) | Poisson | 1 (1.5%) | Model validation measures | AIC | 3 (4.6%) | BIC | 2 (3.1%) | AIC and BIC | 7 (10.8%) | AIC, BIC, and LRT | 11 (16.9%) | DIC | 7 (10.8%) | R-square | 3 (4.6%) | LRT | 5 (7.7%) | RMSEA/MSE | 6 (9.2%) | HDI/QIC | 2 (3.1%) | NI | 19 (29.2%) | Statistical software | HLM | 6 (9.2%) | Mlwin | 8 (12.3%) | Mplus | 4 (6.2%) | R | 13 (20.0%) | SAS | 9 (13.8%) | SAS and Mlwin | 1 (1.5%) | SPSS | 5 (7.7%) | Stata | 9 (13.8%) | Stata and Mlwin | 2 (3.1%) | WinBUGS | 2 (3.1%) | NI | 6 (9.2%) | Statistical packages | GLIMMIX | 5 (7.7%) | GLLAMM | 1 (1.5%) | HSAR | 1 (1.5%) | JAGS (rjags, runjags, and coda) | 2 (3.1%) | lme4/lmer | 4 (6.2%) | lme4, spdep, and sjstats | 2 (3.1%) | Nmle | 2 (3.1%) | PROC MIXED/NLMIXED | 4 (6.2%) | VCMMR estimation | 1 (1.5%) | xtlogit | 1 (1.5%) | xtmixed | 1 (1.5%) | NI | 41 (63.1%) |
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