Research Article
Characteristics, Risk Factors, and Outcomes in Acute Kidney Injury Patients: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study, Palestine
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of patients (N = 259).
| | Variables | Categories | Total n (%) | CA-AKI n (%) | HA-AKI n (%) | value | | 259 | 189 (72.7) | 70 (27.3) |
| | Age (median, 25th–75th) OR (95% CI) | 65 (53–75) 0.98 (0.97–1.005) | 0.16 |
| | Gender | Male | 141 (54.4) | 108 (57.1) | 33 (47.1) | 0.15 | | Female | 118 (45.6) | 81 (42.9) | 37 (52.9) |
| | Stages | Stages 1 | 63 (24.3) | 53 (28) | 10 (14.3) | 0.05 | | Stages 2 | 76 (29.3) | 55 (29.1) | 21 (30) | | Stages 3 | 120 (46.3) | 81 (42.9) | 39 (55.7) |
| | Classification | Prerenal | 132 (51) | 103 (54.5) | 29 (41.4) | 0.006 | | Intrinsic | 87 (33.6) | 65 (34.4) | 22 (31.4) | | Postrenal | 40 (15.4) | 21 (11.1) | 19 (27.1) |
| | Comorbidities | Diabetes | 134 (51.7) | 104 (55) | 30 (42.9) | 0.08 | | CKD | 69 (26.6) | 61 (32.3) | 8 (11.4) | 0.001 | | Liver diseases | 14 (5.4) | 10 (5.3) | 4 (5.7) | 0.89 | | Anemia | 16 (6.2) | 10 (5.3) | 6 (8.6) | 0.33 | | Heart diseases | 81 (31.2) | 59 (31.3) | 22 (31.5) | 0.57 |
| | Drugs during admission | NSAIDS | 114 (44) | 92 (48.7) | 22 (31.4) | 0.01 | | Antibiotic | 157 (60.6) | 94 (49.7) | 63 (90) | <0.001 | | ACE-I/ARBs | 55 (21.2) | 44 (23.3) | 11 (15.7) | 0.18 | | Diuretic | 127 (49) | 90 (47.6) | 37 (52.9) | 0.45 | | SGLET2 (Dapagliflozin) | 7 (2.7) | 5 (2.6) | 2 (2.9) | 0.92 |
| | Prior exposure to nephrotoxic drugs | Yes | 178 (68.7) | 147 (77.8) | 31 (44.3) | <0.001 | | No | 81 (31.3) | 42 (22.2) | 39 (55.7) |
| | Prior nephrotoxic drug count | 1 | 67 (25.9) | 54 (36.7) | 13 (41.9) | 0.86 | | 2 | 80 (30.9) | 67 (45.6) | 13 (41.9) | | 3 or more | 31 (12) | 26 (17.7) | 5 (16.1) |
| | Prior nephrotoxic drug type | NSAIDS | 107 (41.3) | 94 (49.7) | 13 (18.6) | <0.001 | | Antibiotic | 85 (32.8) | 24 (12.7) | 12 (17.1) | 0.35 | | ACE-I/ARBs | 75 (29) | 62 (32.8) | 13 (18.6) | 0.025 | | Diuretic | 85 (32.8) | 74 (39.2) | 11 (15.7) | <0.001 |
| | AKI outcome | Recover serum creatinine baseline | 133 (51.4) | 102 (54) | 31 (44.3) | 0.16 | | Persistent AKI | 76 (29.3) | 56 (29.6) | 20 (28.6) | 0.86 | | Renal replacement therapy | 46 (17.8) | 30 (15.9) | 16 (22.9) | 0.19 | | Transfer to ICU | 61 (23.6) | 35 (18.5) | 26 (37.1) | 0.002 |
| | Mortality related to AKI | Yes | 36 (13.9) | 26 (13.8) | 10 (14.3) | 0.91 | | No | 223 (86.1) | 163(86.2) | 60 (85.7) |
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CA, community-acquired, HA, hospital-acquired; AKI, acute kidney injury; CKD, chronic kidney disease; heart disease, heart failure/ischemic heart diseases/coronary artery diseases; renal replacement therapy: hemodialysis, intensive care units (ICUs); NSAIDS: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; SGLT2: sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors ACI; ARBS, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blockers. The bold values signify values <0.05.
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