Research Article

Economic Development Perspective and City Leadership

Table 2

Mean economic developmentβ€”appointed versus elected city leaders.
(a) Category Scores by City Socioeconomic Indicators

% BachelorsMedian Family IncomeUnemployment
25th 𝑃 75th 𝑃 25th 𝑃 75th 𝑃 25th 𝑃 75th 𝑃
≀4.96β‰₯11.05≀$33,919β‰₯$54,2532.50%4.80%

Traditionaldiff.aβˆ’0.660.05βˆ’0.7250.150.050.09
t-scoreβˆ’1.77**0.1βˆ’1.34*0.330.110.23
Quality of Lifediff.0.31βˆ’1.280.37βˆ’0.83βˆ’1.2βˆ’0.35
t-score0.49βˆ’2.28**0.52βˆ’1.6*βˆ’1.85**βˆ’0.63
Regional Impactdiff.0.25βˆ’0.25βˆ’1.25βˆ’1.23βˆ’0.04βˆ’0.71
t-score0.34βˆ’0.35βˆ’1.51*βˆ’1.85**βˆ’0.06βˆ’1.11
Planningdiff.0βˆ’1.62.25βˆ’1.29βˆ’0.27βˆ’0.81
t-score0βˆ’1.65*2**βˆ’1.29βˆ’0.28βˆ’0.85

N 333928384042

(b) Leader Attribute

Years in OfficeEducation Level
10th 𝑃 90th 𝑃 10th 𝑃 90th 𝑃
≀1β‰₯15≀Some Coll.β‰₯Masters

Traditionaldiff.βˆ’0.360.090.84βˆ’0.26
t-scoreβˆ’0.790.410.96βˆ’0.85
Quality of Lifediff.0.49βˆ’0.1βˆ’1.13βˆ’0.41
t-score0.8βˆ’0.14βˆ’1.17βˆ’0.97
Regional Impactdiff.0.320.54βˆ’0.550.14
t-score0.430.66βˆ’0.520.29
Planningdiff.βˆ’1.16βˆ’1.46βˆ’0.941.95
t-scoreβˆ’1.06βˆ’1.08βˆ’0.712.04**

N33242485

aDifference = Public – Private.
*** 𝑃 < . 0 1 , ** 𝑃 < . 0 5 , * 𝑃 < . 1 0 .