Local Biasing and the Use of Nullator-Norator Pairs in Analog Circuits Designs

Figure 9

Fixator models of nMOS and pMOS transistors when globally biased for $V_{GS}$ ($V_{SG}$), $V_{DS}$ ($V_{SD}$), $I_D$, and $V_{BS}$ ($V_{SB}$). Both symbolic and expanded versions are shown.