Research Article
Isolation and Determination of Antibacterial Sensitivity Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus from Lactating Cows in West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia
Table 2
Study of S. aureus isolation rate and related risk factors using binomial logistic regression.
| Characteristics | Category | Samples | S. aureus positive (%) | Univariate | Multivariate | OR (95% CI) | value | OR (95% CI) | value |
| Districts | Toke kutaye | 51 | 4 (7.84) | 1.0 | | 1.0 | | Wolmera | 77 | 18 (22.22) | 3.36 (1.16–12.20) | 0.039 | 3.85 (0.92–19.96) | 0.081 | Ambo | 81 | 16 (20.78) | 3.08 (1.05–11.30) | 0.057 | 3.20 (0.66–18.40) | 0.164 | Bako tibe | 49 | 5 (10.20) | 1.34 (0.33–5.70) | 0.681 | 0.92 (0.14–6.10) | 0.931 |
| Agroecology | Lowland | 49 | 5 (10.20) | 1.0 | | | | Midland | 128 | 20 (15.62) | 1.63 (0.61–5.14) | 0.358 | | | Highland | 81 | 18 (22.22) | 2.51 (0.92–8.07) | 0.089 | | |
| Breeds | Cross | 115 | 21 (14.69) | 1.0 | | | | Local | 143 | 22 (19.13) | 1.37 (0.71–2.66) | 0.342 | | |
| Farm types | Intensive | 27 | 1 (3.70) | 1.0 | | 1.0 | | Semiintensive | 49 | 36 (12.24) | 3.63 (0.58–70.5) | 0.245 | 0.89 (0.08–23.35) | 0.930 | Extensive | 182 | 36 (19.78) | 6.41 (1.3–116.3) | 0.073 | 1.77 (0.22–40.61) | 0.642 |
| Age group of the animal | Adult | 87 | 17 (13.93) | 1.0 | | | | Medium | 122 | 16 (18.39) | 1.39 (0.66–2.95) | 0.385 | | | Young | 49 | 10 (20.41) | 1.58 (0.65–3.71) | 0.297 | | |
| Lactation stage | Late | 67 | 8 (11.94) | 1.0 | | | | Mid | 95 | 17 (17.89) | 1.61 (0.67–4.17) | 0.304 | | | Early | 96 | 18 (18.75) | 1.70 (0.71–4.39) | 0.246 | | |
| Parity level | Medium | 167 | 24 (14.37) | 1.0 | | | | Few | 86 | 18 (20.93) | 1.58 (0.79–3.09) | 0.186 | | | Many | 5 | 1 (20.00) | 1.49 (0.07–10.61) | 0.727 | | |
| Animal’s body condition | Moderate | 47 | 22 (12.43) | 1.0 | | 1.0 | | Poor | 34 | 11 (23.40) | 2.15 (0.93–4.77) | 0.063 | 1.20 (0.33–4.24) | 0.778 | Good | 177 | 10 (29.41) | 2.94 (1.20–6.86) | 0.014 | 2.67 (0.69–10.41) | 0.152 |
| Number of lactating cows in the herd | Few | 224 | 33 (14.73) | 1.0 | | | | Medium | 16 | 4 (25.00) | 1.93 (0.52–5.93) | 0.279 | 9.99 (1.70–57.56) | 0.009 | Large | 18 | 6 (33.33) | 2.89 (0.95–8.02) | 0.047 | 12.58 (2.33–68.54) | 0.003 |
| Washing hands before milking | Yes | 154 | 16 (10.39) | 1.0 | | 1.0 | | No | 104 | 27 (25.96) | 3.02 (1.55–6.07) | 0.001 | 0.46 (0.11–1.69) | 0.262 |
| Washing udder before milking | Yes | 158 | 12 (7.59) | 1.0 | | 1.0 | | No | 100 | 31 (31.00) | 5.47 (2.71–11.68) | 0.000 | 2.12 (0.50–9.04) | 0.304 |
| Current tick infestation of the teat | No | 208 | 11 (5.29) | 1.0 | | 1.0 | | Yes | 50 | 32 (64.00) | 31.84 (14.2–76.7) | 0.000 | 27.69 (9.71–93.01) | 0.000 |
| Mastitis | Negative | 161 | 9 (5.59) | 1.0 | | 1.0 | | Positive | 97 | 34 (35.05) | 9.11 (4.29–21.24) | 0.000 | 2.34 (0.53–10.86) | 0.263 |
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OR = odds ratio and 1.0 = reference group.
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