Isolation and Determination of Antibacterial Sensitivity Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus from Lactating Cows in West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia

Table 2

Study of S. aureus isolation rate and related risk factors using binomial logistic regression.

Characteristics	Category	Samples	S. aureus positive (%)	Univariate		Multivariate
				OR (95% CI)	value	OR (95% CI)	value
Districts	Toke kutaye	51	4 (7.84)	1.0		1.0
	Wolmera	77	18 (22.22)	3.36 (1.16–12.20)	0.039	3.85 (0.92–19.96)	0.081
	Ambo	81	16 (20.78)	3.08 (1.05–11.30)	0.057	3.20 (0.66–18.40)	0.164
	Bako tibe	49	5 (10.20)	1.34 (0.33–5.70)	0.681	0.92 (0.14–6.10)	0.931
Agroecology	Lowland	49	5 (10.20)	1.0
	Midland	128	20 (15.62)	1.63 (0.61–5.14)	0.358
	Highland	81	18 (22.22)	2.51 (0.92–8.07)	0.089
Breeds	Cross	115	21 (14.69)	1.0
	Local	143	22 (19.13)	1.37 (0.71–2.66)	0.342
Farm types	Intensive	27	1 (3.70)	1.0		1.0
	Semiintensive	49	36 (12.24)	3.63 (0.58–70.5)	0.245	0.89 (0.08–23.35)	0.930
	Extensive	182	36 (19.78)	6.41 (1.3–116.3)	0.073	1.77 (0.22–40.61)	0.642
Age group of the animal	Adult	87	17 (13.93)	1.0
	Medium	122	16 (18.39)	1.39 (0.66–2.95)	0.385
	Young	49	10 (20.41)	1.58 (0.65–3.71)	0.297
Lactation stage	Late	67	8 (11.94)	1.0
	Mid	95	17 (17.89)	1.61 (0.67–4.17)	0.304
	Early	96	18 (18.75)	1.70 (0.71–4.39)	0.246
Parity level	Medium	167	24 (14.37)	1.0
	Few	86	18 (20.93)	1.58 (0.79–3.09)	0.186
	Many	5	1 (20.00)	1.49 (0.07–10.61)	0.727
Animal’s body condition	Moderate	47	22 (12.43)	1.0		1.0
	Poor	34	11 (23.40)	2.15 (0.93–4.77)	0.063	1.20 (0.33–4.24)	0.778
	Good	177	10 (29.41)	2.94 (1.20–6.86)	0.014	2.67 (0.69–10.41)	0.152
Number of lactating cows in the herd	Few	224	33 (14.73)	1.0
	Medium	16	4 (25.00)	1.93 (0.52–5.93)	0.279	9.99 (1.70–57.56)	0.009
	Large	18	6 (33.33)	2.89 (0.95–8.02)	0.047	12.58 (2.33–68.54)	0.003
Washing hands before milking	Yes	154	16 (10.39)	1.0		1.0
	No	104	27 (25.96)	3.02 (1.55–6.07)	0.001	0.46 (0.11–1.69)	0.262
Washing udder before milking	Yes	158	12 (7.59)	1.0		1.0
	No	100	31 (31.00)	5.47 (2.71–11.68)	0.000	2.12 (0.50–9.04)	0.304
Current tick infestation of the teat	No	208	11 (5.29)	1.0		1.0
	Yes	50	32 (64.00)	31.84 (14.2–76.7)	0.000	27.69 (9.71–93.01)	0.000
Mastitis	Negative	161	9 (5.59)	1.0		1.0
	Positive	97	34 (35.05)	9.11 (4.29–21.24)	0.000	2.34 (0.53–10.86)	0.263

OR = odds ratio and 1.0 = reference group.