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Bacterial species | Effect on C. albicans hyphal growth | Effect on Candida biofilm |
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Staphylococcus aureus (+) | Associates to hyphal cells (56%) [80] | No antagonistic effect in dual biofilms with C. albicans (BacLight LIVE/DEAD assay) [80] |
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Staphylococcus epidermidis (+) | Associates to hyphal cells (25%) [80] | Reduced adhesion and biofilm formation by a glycocalyx producer strain (CFU counts) [82] |
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Streptococcus pyogenes (+) | Associates to hyphal cells (25%) [80] | |
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Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus intermedius | S. mutans inhibits hyphal formation [89, 90] | No significant effect on biofilm viability at densities ranging from 6.25·105 to 1·107 cells/mL (bacteria added to preformed 3-hour-old biofilms; polystyrene in vitro model; CFUs analyses) [81] |
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Streptococcus gordonii (+) | Stimulates hyphal growth [91] | Promotes mixed biofilms with C. albicans [91] |
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa (−) | (i) Associates to hyphal cells (17%) [80] (ii) Reduced hyphal growth in C. albicans-P. aeruginosa dual biofilms [81] (iii) Binds hyphae and kill C. albicans [92] | (i) Reduced adhesion and biofilm formation by a nonglycocalyx producer strain (CFU counts) [82] (ii) Reduction of biofilm mass ranging from 40% to 80% in a density-dependent manner [90] (iii) Mutual biofilm inhibition between Pa and C. albicans, C. krusei and C. glabrata; decreased biofilm formation of C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis in presence of Pa; increased CFUs of Pa in presence of C. tropicalis [93] |
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Escherichia coli (−) | Associates to hyphal cells (5.7%) [80] | (i) Reduction of biofilm mass ranging from 50% to 80% [81] (ii) Mutual decrease in biofilm cell mass between Ec and C. albicans; inhibition of biofilm development by C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, and C. dubliniensis; increased Ec cell numbers within C. tropicalis and C. dubliniensis biofilms [94] |
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Lactobacillus acidophilus | | Inhibition of viable biofilm cell mass by 40% [81] |
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Bacillus subtilis | Associates to hyphal cells (2.5%) [80] | |
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Actinomyces israelii (+) | | Some inhibition of biofilm at high densities [81] |
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Prevotella nigrescens and Porphyromonas gingivalis | Inhibition of C. albicans hyphal development [95] | Reduction of C. albicans biofilms, only at high densities [81] |
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Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, and Enterobacter cloacae | | Decreased biofilm formation (CFU counts) [82] |
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