Review Article
Prognosis and Outcome Predictors in Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures
Table 1
Studies on the prognosis of patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs).
| | Study | Year | n | Age (mean/range) | Gender
(% female) | Adults (A)/Children (C) | Diagnosis | Follow up duration (mean/range) | Follow up rate | “Good outcome” (% seizure free) | Seizure-freedom definition | “Poor outcome” | “Poor outcome” definition |
| | Arain et al. [18] | 2007 | 165 | 20–81 | 63% | A | vEEG | 3 months | 29% | 35% | In last 2 months | 65% | Seizures continued | | Bodde et al. [13] | 2007 | 28 | 15–49 | 86% | A | EEG | 4–6 years | 79% | 32% | In last year | 55% | >1 seizure every 2 months | | Carton et al. [12] | 2003 | 115 | 16–64 | 77% | A | EEG | 1–7 years | 70% | 28% | n.s | 24% | No change/Increased seizure frequency | | Reuber et al. [11] | 2003 | 329 | Mean 39
(SD 14) | 79% | A | vEEG | 4.1 years | 50% | 29% | In last year | 71% | Seizures continued | | An et al. [14] | 2010 | 64 | 3–82 | 50% | A & C | vEEG | 16 months | 81% | 54% | In last 3 months | 46% | Seizures continued | | Ettinger et al. [17] | 1999 | 43 | 1–50 | 91% | A & C | vEEG | 6–9 months | 78% | 19% | n.s | 15% | No change/Increased seizure frequency | | Ettinger et al. [28] | 1999 | 76 | Mean 33 (12–58) | 71% | A & C | vEEG | 18 months (SD 11) | 74% | 52% | n.s | 48% | Seizures continued | | McKenzie et al. [10] | 2010 | 260 | 13–87 | 75% | A & C | vEEG/ ambulatory EEG | 6 months | 72% | 38% | In last 2 months | 30% | No change/Increased seizure frequency | | Meierkord et al. [15] | 1991 | 70 | 7–71 | 86% | A & C | EEG | 1–14 years | 77% | 40% | In last 6 months | 60% | Seizures continued | | Silva et al. [16] | 2001 | 17 | 12–69 | 70% | A & C | vEEG | 0.5–3 years | 100% | 23% | In follow up period | 77% | Seizures continued | |
Bhatia and Sapra [6] | 2005 | 50 | 7–12 | 56% | C | History/ examination | 3 months | 100% | 72% | In follow up period | 28% | Seizures continued | | Irwin et al. [7] | 2000 | 35 | 6–18 | 69% | C | History/ examination | 4.6 years | N/A | 66% | In last 6 months | 9% | No change/Increased seizure frequency | | Wyllie et al. [5] | 1990 | 21 | 8–18 | 71% | C | vEEG | 0.5–6 years | 86% | 78% | n.s | 22% | Seizures continued | | Kanner et al. [22] | 1999 | 45 | Mean 30.4 (SD 11) | 69% | n.s. | vEEG | 1–6 months | 100% | 29% | In follow up period | 71% | Seizures continued | |
McDade and Brown [8] | 1992 | 18 | Mean 34.1 (SD n.s) | 38% | n.s. | vEEG/ ambulatory EEG | 2 weeks | 89% | 69% | In follow up period | 31% | >1 seizure since diagnosis | | O'Sullivan et al. [29] | 2007 | 50 | Mean 33.6 (SD n.s) | 47% | n.s. | vEEG | 21 months | 76% | 16% | n.s | 84% | Seizures continued | | Riaz et al. [9] | 1998 | 25 | Mean 33.6 (SD 9.7) | 80% | n.s. | Casenote analysis | 14 months | 60% | 67% | n.s | 20% | No change/Increased seizure frequency | | Selwa et al. [20] | 2002 | 85 | n.s. | 72% | n.s. | vEEG | 1.5–4 years | 67% | 40% | n.s | 44% | <90% reduction or no improvement |
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Abbreviations. n.s.: not specified; vEEG: video-electroencephalography.
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