Abstract

The fundamentals of precessing ball solitons (PBS), arising as a result of the energy fluctuations during spin-flop phase transition induced by a magnetic field in antiferromagnets with uniaxial anisotropy, are presented. The PBS conditions exist within a wide range of amplitudes and energies, including negative energies relative to an initial condition. For each value of the magnetic field, there exists a precession frequency for which a curve of PBS energy passes through a zero value (in bifurcation point), and hence, in the vicinity of this point the PBS originate with the highest probability. The characteristics of PBS, including the time dependences of configuration, energy, and precession frequency, are considered. As a result of dissipation, the PBS transform into the macroscopic domains of a new phase.

1. Introduction

Magnetic solitons with spherical symmetry, which can arise in crystals with magnetic ordering during the phase transitions induced by a magnetic field, were considered in some papers [1–5]. The cases when it is possible to confine oneself to uniaxial symmetry of the crystal are of particular interest. For such a crystal, in addition to the amplitude (with corresponding configuration) and pulse, the solitons have the third parameter: the frequency of precession. In these cases, each value of an external field relates to a continuous spectrum of solitons by frequency and corresponding energy. Near boundaries of metastability, for each value of a field, the spectrum of precessing ball solitons (PBS) has the bifurcation point where the probability of PBS spontaneous origin is increasing abnormally. The frequency dependencies of energy and PBS configuration, as well as the process of PBS spontaneous origin at spin-flop transition in antiferromagnets have been discussed in [5]. However, the analysis of time evolution connected with dissipation of energy in PBS is not correct in this article.

In the present article, it is shown that dissipation of energy is accompanied not only by the change of configuration of solitons but also by the change of the precession frequency. Taking into account this time dependency, we can carry out a more comprehensive analysis of the quantities of PBS and to consider the whole process of transformation of PBS into macroscopic domains of a new phase.

In the first chapter, we represent a more correct analysis of equations and expressions for PBS than in [4, 5]. In the second one, the character of the time change of PBS that connected with dissipation is shown. In the third chapter, the influence of the movement on the form of PBS is discussed. Finally, in the fourth chapter, we estimate the influence of the demagnetizing fields.

2. Equations for Precessing Ball Solitons (PBS)

To analyze magnetic solitons in an antiferromagnet with uniaxial anisotropy, we used the following expression for the thermodynamic potential: π΄π‘Š=βˆ’2π₯2+𝐡2𝐦2+𝐢4(𝐦π₯)2+𝐾12ξ‚€||π‘šβŸ‚||2+||π‘™βŸ‚||2ξ‚βˆ’πΎ24ξ‚€||π‘šβŸ‚||2+||π‘™βŸ‚||22βˆ’π‘šπ‘§π›Όπ»+π‘₯𝑦2Γ—ξ‚Έξ‚€πœ•π¦ξ‚πœ•π‘‹2+ξ‚€πœ•π¦ξ‚πœ•π‘Œ2+ξ‚€πœ•π₯ξ‚πœ•π‘‹2+ξ‚€πœ•π₯ξ‚πœ•π‘Œ2ξ‚Ή+𝛼𝑧2ξ‚Έξ‚€πœ•π¦ξ‚πœ•π‘2+ξ‚€πœ•π₯ξ‚πœ•π‘2ξ‚Ή.(1) Here m and π₯ are nondimensional ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism vectors; π‘™βŸ‚=𝑙π‘₯+𝑖𝑙𝑦,π‘šβŸ‚=π‘šπ‘₯+π‘–π‘šπ‘¦; the absolute value of the vector π₯ at 𝐻=0 equals 1; 𝐾1>0,𝐾2>0; magnetic field 𝐻 is directed along the anisotropy axis 𝑍.

The equations of motion for the π₯ and 𝐦 vectors, taking into account the energy dissipation, are πœ•π₯=πœ•π‘‘2πœ‡π΅β„ξ‚€π¦Γ—π›Ώπ‘Šπ›Ώπ₯+π₯Γ—π›Ώπ‘Šξ‚ξ‚€π›Ώπ¦+Ξ“π¦Γ—πœ•π₯πœ•π‘‘+π₯Γ—πœ•π¦ξ‚,πœ•π‘‘πœ•π¦=πœ•π‘‘2πœ‡π΅β„ξ‚€π¦Γ—π›Ώπ‘Šπ›Ώπ¦+π₯Γ—π›Ώπ‘Šξ‚ξ‚€π›Ώπ₯+Ξ“π¦Γ—πœ•π¦πœ•π‘‘+π₯Γ—πœ•π₯.πœ•π‘‘(2)

The solutions of (2) can be presented in the following form: π‘™βŸ‚(𝐫,𝜏)=π‘ž(𝐫,𝜏)𝑒𝑖(πœ”(𝜏)πœβˆ’π‘˜(𝜏)π‘₯),π‘šβŸ‚(𝐫,𝜏)=𝑝(𝐫,𝜏)𝑒𝑖(πœ”(𝜏)πœβˆ’π‘˜(𝜏)π‘₯).(3) For the simplicity, it is supposed that the excitations advance along the π‘₯-axis. The time dependencies of the πœ” and π‘˜ values are necessary for analyzing the time evolution of PBS.

From (2), we have the following system of equations: π‘˜1βˆ’0.5ξ‚΅π‘˜(πœ”+Ξ”+β„Ž)π‘ž=βˆ’1βˆ’2π‘˜1ξ€·π‘ž2+𝑝2ξ€Έ+π‘˜2ξ‚Άξ€·π‘šπ‘§π‘ž+𝑙𝑧𝑝+π‘Žπ‘˜1ξ€·π‘šπ‘§π‘žβˆ’π‘™π‘§π‘ξ€Έ+1π‘˜1ξ€·π‘šπ‘§π‘žβˆ’π‘™π‘§π‘ξ€Έ+π‘šπ‘§Ξ”π‘žβˆ’π‘žΞ”π‘šπ‘§+π‘™π‘§Ξ”π‘βˆ’π‘Ξ”π‘™π‘§βˆ’π‘„π΄1,π‘˜(4)1βˆ’0.5ξ‚΅π‘˜(πœ”+Ξ”+β„Ž)𝑝=βˆ’1βˆ’2π‘˜1ξ€·π‘ž2+𝑝2ξ€Έ+π‘˜2ξ‚Άξ€·π‘™π‘§π‘ž+π‘šπ‘§π‘ξ€Έ+π‘™π‘§Ξ”π‘žβˆ’π‘žΞ”π‘™π‘§+π‘šπ‘§Ξ”π‘βˆ’π‘Ξ”π‘šπ‘§βˆ’π‘„π΄2,(5)πœ•π‘=βˆšπœ•πœπ‘˜1𝑙2π‘˜π‘§πœ•π‘žπœ•π‘₯+π‘šπ‘§πœ•π‘ξ‚Άξ€·π‘™πœ•π‘₯βˆ’π‘„(πœ”+Ξ”)π‘§π‘ž+π‘šπ‘§π‘ξ€Έξ‚Ή,(6)πœ•π‘ž=βˆšπœ•πœπ‘˜1ξ‚Έξ‚΅π‘š2π‘˜π‘§πœ•π‘žπœ•π‘₯+π‘™π‘§πœ•π‘ξ‚Άξ€·π‘šπœ•π‘₯βˆ’π‘„(πœ”+Ξ”)π‘§π‘ž+𝑙𝑧𝑝,(7)πœ•π‘™π‘§βˆšπœ•πœ=2π‘˜1ξ‚Έπ‘˜ξ‚΅π‘πœ•π‘žπœ•π‘₯+π‘žπœ•π‘ξ‚Άξ‚Ήπœ•π‘₯+𝑄(πœ”+Ξ”)π‘žπ‘,(8)πœ•π‘šπ‘§βˆšπœ•πœ=βˆ’π‘˜1ξ‚ƒπ‘˜π‘‘ξ€·π‘žπ‘‘π‘₯2+𝑝2ξ€Έξ€·π‘žβˆ’π‘„(πœ”+Ξ”)2+𝑝2ξ€Έξ‚„,(9) where Ξ”=((π‘‘πœ”/π‘‘πœ)πœβˆ’(π‘‘π‘˜/π‘‘πœ)π‘₯) and 𝐴1=ξ‚΅π‘žπœ•π‘šπ‘§πœ•πœβˆ’π‘šπ‘§πœ•π‘žπœ•πœ+π‘πœ•π‘™π‘§πœ•πœβˆ’π‘™π‘§πœ•π‘ξ‚Άπ΄πœ•πœ,(10)2=ξ‚΅π‘žπœ•π‘™π‘§πœ•πœβˆ’π‘™π‘§πœ•π‘žπœ•πœ+π‘πœ•π‘šπ‘§πœ•πœβˆ’π‘šπ‘§πœ•π‘ξ‚Άπœ•πœ.(11) In (3)–(11), β„Ž=π»π΅βˆ’0.5𝐾1βˆ’0.5, π‘˜1=𝐾1/𝐡, π‘˜2=𝐾2/𝐡, π‘Ž=𝐴/𝐡,𝑐=𝐢/𝐡 and the dimensionless coordinates and time are used, π‘₯=𝐾10.5π›Όβˆ’0.5π‘₯𝑦𝑋, 𝑦=𝐾10.5π›Όβˆ’0.5π‘₯π‘¦π‘Œ,𝑧=𝐾10.5π›Όπ‘§βˆ’0.5𝑍; 𝜏=2πœ‡π΅(𝐾1𝐡)0.5β„βˆ’1𝑑; βˆšπ‘„=Ξ“/π‘˜1.

First of all, take notice that inserting (6)–(9) into (4) and (5), we can obtain a system of two modified equations describing the soliton configuration but not containing the evident time dependency. However, the time dependency of the parameters 𝑝,π‘ž,𝑙𝑧,andπ‘šπ‘§ characterizing the soliton form and described by (6)–(9), is remaining. It means that during the soliton evolution connected with energy dissipation not only the configuration of PBS but also the frequency of precession πœ” and π‘˜ value are changing too. For each time moment, the definite configuration of PBS, frequency πœ”, and wave value π‘˜ correspond. The correspondence between the changing values of πœ”, π‘˜, and configuration is explicitly defined by such modified equations (4)–(5).

To analyze the approximate soliton solutions of (4)–(9) system, it is convenient to transform this system into one equation. First of all, we will receive expression for magnetization that depends on π‘ž and 𝑝. The relaxation time of ferromagnetic moment is less for some orders than the relaxation time for the l vector. Therefore, for π‘šπ‘§ component we use its quasiequilibrium value, which can be obtained from π›Ώπ‘Š/π›Ώπ‘šπ‘§=0 (see [5]) π‘šπ‘§β‰…π‘šπ‘§0=1𝐡+𝐢𝑙2π‘§ξ‚ƒπ»π‘§βˆ’πΆ2π‘™π‘§ξ€·π‘™βŸ‚π‘šβˆ—βŸ‚+π‘™βˆ—βŸ‚π‘šβŸ‚ξ€Έξ‚„=π›Ώβˆšπ‘˜1β„Žβˆ’(1βˆ’π›Ώ)π‘™π‘§π‘π‘žπ‘™2𝑧+𝛿1βˆ’π‘™2π‘§ξ€Έβ‰…βˆ’π‘π‘žπ‘™π‘§+𝛿𝑙2π‘§ξ‚΅βˆšπ‘˜1β„Ž+π‘π‘žπ‘™π‘§ξ‚Ά,(12) where 𝛿=𝐡/(𝐢+𝐡)=πœ’II/πœ’βŸ‚ is the ratio of two magnetic susceptibilities.

Taking into consideration that π‘˜1β‰ͺ1, π‘˜2(π‘ž2+𝑝2)β‰ͺ1 in (5) and for long-wave oscillations π‘˜1Ξ”π‘žβ‰ͺπ‘ž,π‘˜1Δ𝑙𝑧β‰ͺ𝑙𝑧,π‘˜1Ξ”π‘šπ‘§β‰ͺπ‘šπ‘§,π‘˜1Δ𝑝β‰ͺ𝑝, from (4) and (13) we obtain the following dependence βˆšπ‘β‰…βˆ’k1(πœ”+Ξ”+β„Ž)π‘žπ‘™π‘§π‘ž2+𝑙2𝑧1βˆ’π‘Ž2π‘ž2βˆšβˆ’1ξ€Έξ€»+𝛿(1+π‘Ž)π‘˜1π‘žπ‘™π‘§ξ€·β„Žβˆ’(πœ”+Ξ”+β„Ž)π‘ž2ξ€Έβˆ’π‘˜1βˆšπ‘˜1π‘˜2(πœ”+Ξ”+β„Ž)π‘žπ‘™π‘§ξ€·2π‘ž2ξ€Έβˆ’1βˆ’π‘„π‘™π‘§π΄1.(13)

Using the (13) correlation, from (5) we obtain the following equation for PBS:π‘žΞ”π‘žβˆ’π‘™π‘§Ξ”π‘™π‘§=1βˆ’(1+π‘Ž)(πœ”+Ξ”+β„Ž)2+π‘˜2+𝛿(1+π‘Ž)(πœ”+Ξ”+β„Ž)β„Žπ‘™2π‘§ξƒ­ξƒ¬π‘˜Γ—π‘žβˆ’2π‘˜1βˆ’2π‘ŽΓ—(πœ”+Ξ”+β„Ž)2+2π‘˜1(πœ”+Ξ”+β„Ž)2π‘˜2+𝛿(1+π‘Ž)(πœ”+Ξ”+β„Ž)2𝑙2π‘§ξƒ­π‘ž3𝐴+𝑄2𝑙𝑧.(14)

Let’s confine ourselves to low temperature approximation, that is, suppose that (π₯𝐦)=0, in such case π‘Ž=𝛿=0, π‘ž2+𝑝2+𝑙2𝑧+π‘š2𝑧=1,𝐴1√=2π‘˜1π‘˜ξ‚Έ3π‘žπ‘πœ•π‘ž+ξ€·πœ•π‘₯2π‘ž2+𝑝2ξ€Έβˆ’1πœ•π‘βˆ’1πœ•π‘₯2π‘π‘‘ξ€·π‘žπ‘‘π‘₯2+𝑝2𝐴+𝑄(πœ”+Ξ”)𝑝,(15)2√=2π‘˜1π‘˜ξ‚Έ3π‘π‘žπœ•π‘+ξ€·πœ•π‘₯2𝑝2+π‘ž2ξ€Έβˆ’1πœ•π‘žβˆ’1πœ•π‘₯2π‘žπ‘‘ξ€·π‘žπ‘‘π‘₯2+𝑝2ξ€Έξ‚„+𝑄(πœ”+Ξ”)π‘ž,(16) and the equation for PBS is as follows:π‘žΞ”π‘žβˆ’π‘™π‘§Ξ”π‘™π‘§=ξ€·1βˆ’(πœ”+Ξ”+β„Ž)2+π‘˜2ξ€Έπ‘žβˆ’ξ‚΅π‘˜2π‘˜1+2π‘˜1(πœ”+Ξ”+β„Ž)2π‘˜2ξ‚Άπ‘ž3𝐴+𝑄2𝑙𝑧.(17)

This equation should be supplemented by the following expression obtained from (7), (12), (13) at π‘Ž=𝛿=0 and describing the evolution of PBS:πœ•π‘žπœ•πœβ‰…π‘˜1Γ—ξ‚Έξ€·(πœ”+Ξ”+β„Ž)2π‘˜3π‘ž2ξ€Έβˆ’1πœ•π‘žξ€·πœ•π‘₯βˆ’π‘„(πœ”+Ξ”)π‘ž2π‘ž2ξ€Έξ‚Ή.βˆ’1(18)

Only in the case of immovable PBS, that is, at π‘˜β‰‘0, (17) has the solutions with a spherical symmetry. For such case, the equation has the following form:𝑑2π‘žπ‘‘π‘Ÿ2+2π‘Ÿπ‘‘π‘ž+π‘žπ‘‘π‘Ÿ1βˆ’π‘ž2ξ‚΅π‘‘π‘žξ‚Άπ‘‘π‘Ÿ2ξ‚Έξ€·=π‘ž1βˆ’π‘ž2ξ€Έξ‚΅1βˆ’(πœ”+β„Ž)2βˆ’π‘˜2π‘˜1π‘ž2ξ‚Ά+𝑄2πœ”ξ‚€11+2π‘ž2(19) (taking into account that 𝑙2𝑧≅1βˆ’π‘ž2). In this equation, the frequency πœ”, as well as π‘ž values, depends on time. Thus we make the replacement (πœ”+(π‘‘πœ”/π‘‘πœ)𝜏)β†’πœ”(𝜏), which is possible considering a rather slow change of the precession frequency in comparison with the change of precession phase. Note that in (19), the addition connected with the dissipation is negligibly small, 𝑄2|πœ”|β‰ͺ1 (in our examples 𝑄=0.02,|πœ”|<0.03). Therefore, in further calculations of PBS configuration we will neglect this addition.

Transforming (19) with respect to 𝑙𝑧 parameter, we can obtain the following equation that can be used to analyze the PBS originated during the reverse phase transition, at decrease of the field:𝑑2π‘™π‘§π‘‘π‘Ÿ2+2π‘Ÿπ‘‘π‘™π‘§+π‘™π‘‘π‘Ÿπ‘§1βˆ’π‘™2π‘§ξ‚΅π‘‘π‘™π‘§ξ‚Άπ‘‘π‘Ÿ2=ξ‚΅(πœ”+β„Ž)2π‘˜βˆ’1+2π‘˜1ξ‚Άπ‘™π‘§βˆ’ξ‚΅(πœ”+β„Ž)2βˆ’1+2π‘˜2π‘˜1𝑙3𝑧+π‘˜2π‘˜1𝑙5𝑧.(20)

Using (12) and (13) at 𝛿=0,π‘Ž=0 and k1β‰ͺ1, from (1) we obtain the following expression for the energy of PBS:𝐸𝑠=8πœ‹π‘€0𝛼π‘₯π‘¦ξ‚™π›Όπ‘§π‘˜1π΅Γ—ξ€œβˆž0ξ‚»ξ‚Έ1+(πœ”+β„Ž)22ξ‚Ήπ‘žβˆ’(πœ”+β„Ž)β„Ž2βˆ’π‘˜24π‘˜1π‘ž4+12ξ€·1βˆ’π‘ž2ξ€Έξ‚΅π‘‘π‘žξ‚Άπ‘‘π‘Ÿ2+π‘˜22π‘ž2ξƒ°π‘Ÿ2π‘‘π‘Ÿ(21) (𝑀0 is the magnetization of each sublattice). The last term in this integral corresponds to the kinetic energy of PBS.

3. Spontaneous Origin of PBS and Their Evolution into Domains of a New Phase

As in [5], we divide the processes relating to PBS into two stages. At the first stage, the PBS originate spontaneously because of the thermal fluctuations, or by any different way, in the 𝜏=0 moment, and further evolution of PBS is carried out at the second stage. Equations (19) or (20) are used for description of the form of arose PBS. At this stage, we do not take into account the dependence of PBS parameters on the time and dissipation of energy.

PBS configurations, which are particular solutions of (19), for different πœ” values at β„Ž=0.99, and dependences of PBS energy and amplitudes on the precession frequency for different values of the field have been shown in [5]. In Figure 1, we present the frequency dependencies for the energy, amplitude (π‘žπ‘šβ‰‘π‘ž(π‘Ÿ=0)), and effective radius for PBS at β„Ž=0.99 only. In this case, the utmost frequency of PBS πœ”=0.01 corresponds to the frequency of antiferromagnetic resonance, πœ”res1=(1βˆ’β„Ž). In Figure 2, we can see the same dependencies for the reverse spin-flop transition (at the decreasing magnetic field) at β„Ž=0.91. In this case, the frequency of antiferromagnetic resonance can be expressed as follows: πœ”res2√=βˆ’β„Ž+1βˆ’π‘˜2/π‘˜1β‰…βˆ’0.01557. Here and in all subsequent examples the following parameters typical for Cr2O3 have been used: 𝑀0=0.33Γ—10βˆ’9eVOeβˆ’1ΜΓ…βˆ’3, 𝐡=4.9Γ—106Oe,  𝛼π‘₯𝑦=𝛼𝑧=3Γ—106́ÅOe2,  𝐾1=700Oe,𝐾2=140Oe,  𝑄=0.02 [6].

Probability of the spontaneous creation of PBS related to the fluctuations of energy at nonzero temperatures is proportional to probability of such fluctuations. For the metastable state of our system, we use the following expression for the probability of PBS creation with the energy 𝐸𝑠 near the bifurcation point (see [4, 5]):𝑃𝑠=π΄π‘ ξ‚΅βˆ’||𝐸exp𝑠||π‘˜π΅π‘‡ξ‚Ά.(22)

Here, 𝐴𝑠 is the coefficient in general depending on πœ”, 𝐸𝑠 and configuration of PBS. Generally, we have to use different configuration coefficients for positive and negative energies of PBS: 𝐴𝑠+ for 𝐸𝑠>0 and π΄π‘ βˆ’ for 𝐸𝑠<0. Apparently that 𝐴𝑠+,π΄π‘ βˆ’β‰ͺ1. In Figure 3, the temperature dependence of the probability of PBS near to the bifurcation point, where the energy of PBS is near zero, is shown.

Further evolution of PBS is described by (18). As it can be seen from this equation, subsequent change of PBS configuration depends on two factors: the spatial movement of it as a whole and dissipation of energy.

In this part, we consider the change of PBS related to the dissipation only, that is, at π‘˜β‰‘0. Let us assume that at the moment 𝜏=0 the PBS of the π‘ž(π‘Ÿ,0) form, corresponding to (19), have arisen. A subsequent change of PBS configuration proceeds in accordance with expressionπœ•π‘žπœ•πœβ‰…βˆ’π‘„π‘˜1ξ€·πœ”(πœ”+β„Ž)π‘ž2π‘ž2ξ€Έβˆ’1,(23) where πœ”=πœ”(𝜏).

In conformity with (23), the character of PBS change is determined by a sign of the precession frequency and by its amplitude.

In Figures 4 to 7, several examples are adduced at β„Ž<1 to illustrate the PBS change because of the dissipation for different field values. If the amplitude of PBS is big enough, we can consider it as consisting of two parts: the β€œbulk,” where value βˆšπ‘ž>0.5, and the β€œcorona,” where βˆšπ‘ž<0.5.

If πœ”init<0 and the amplitude of PBSπ‘žπ‘š,init>√0.5, its bulk is increasing, but the corona is decreasing. As a result, the value of π‘Ÿ corresponding to βˆšπ‘ž=0.5 is increasing, the frequency πœ” is increasing in absolute value, the energy is decreasing, and PBS is growing and turning into the macroscopic domain of a high-field phase. Changes of PBS can be seen at πœ”init<0 in Figure 4 and in Figure 5, at πœ”init<βˆ’0.0011 in Figure 6, and at πœ”init<βˆ’0.00419 in Figure 7. On the contrary, if πœ”init>0 and π‘žπ‘š,init<√0.5, the PBS is decreasing in amplitude. Such change can be traced in Figure 4 in the range 0<πœ”<0.0058 and in Figure 5 in the range 0<πœ”<0.0008.

If πœ”init<0,π‘žπ‘š,init<√0.5, the π‘ž values in the bulk and corona of PBS are decreasing (see, e.g., at 0>πœ”>βˆ’0.00119 in Figure 6, and at πœ”>βˆ’0.00419 in Figure 7). At the same time, the frequency πœ” is decreasing in absolute value, that is, πœ”β†’βˆ’0. In the last case, at β„Ž=1, the PBS disappear asymptotically, that is, π‘žπ‘šβ†’0,𝐸𝑠→0. Thus, only in cases πœ”init<0,π‘žπ‘š,init>√0.5 PBS are transforming into macroscopic domains of the high-field phase.

Equations (19) and (23) permit to obtain the time dependence of the frequency (and energy) due the dissipation, in accordance with the succession: Ξ”πœ”β†’Ξ”π‘žπ‘šβ†’Ξ”πœβ†’πœ”(𝜏). For each change of the frequency Ξ”πœ”, from (19) we obtain the corresponding change of PBS amplitude Ξ”π‘žπ‘š; further from (23), we obtain the time interval Ξ”πœ corresponding to this change of amplitude. As a result, we obtain the πœ”(𝑑) dependences for the cases of transformation of PBS into domains of a new phase. They are presented in Figures 8 to 11.

Figures 8 and 9 correspond to the field β„Ž=0.99. Initial data for PBS in Figure 8 are πœ”init=βˆ’0.0025,  𝐸initβ‰…2.8553𝑒𝑉, and in Figure 9: πœ”init=βˆ’0.0112,𝐸initβ‰…0.0476eV. Note that at 𝑇=300𝐾 the average energy of the thermal fluctuations equals π‘˜π΅π‘‡=0.025eV. The frequencies corresponding to value 𝐸𝑠≅0 are marked by dotted lines. Practically, the curve in Figure 9 is a part of the Figure 8 curve.

In Figure 10, it is shown the change of frequency for the field β„Ž=0.997, and in this case 𝐸init=0.2919𝑒𝑉. At last, Figure 11 corresponds to β„Ž=1, 𝐸init=0.3977𝑒𝑉. The four examples, in Figures 8 to 11, correspond to increase PBS and transformation of them into domains of high-field phase.

Sequence of change of the form and sizes for PBS at β„Ž=0.99, πœ”init=βˆ’0.0025 has been shown in Figure 12 (note that the similar sequences presented in [5] are wrong, since the frequency change connected with dissipation has not been taken into consideration).

Asymptotical disappearance of PBS at β„Ž=1 is illustrated in Figure 13.

4. The Change of PBS during Their Movement

Now, we consider the influence of movement on soliton form. Using (7), (9), and (10) for the π‘„πœ”=0 case, we obtain the following expression:πœ•π‘ž=βˆšπœ•πœπ‘˜1ξ‚΅π‘š2π‘˜π‘§πœ•π‘žπœ•π‘₯+π‘™π‘§πœ•π‘ξ‚Άπœ•π‘₯β‰…2π‘˜1ξ€·π‘˜(πœ”+β„Ž)3π‘ž2ξ€Έβˆ’1πœ•π‘žπœ•π‘₯.(24)

Let us present the π‘ž(π‘₯,𝑦,𝑧,𝜏) function as π‘ž(π‘₯,𝑦,𝑧,𝜏)=π‘žπ‘ (π‘₯𝑠,𝑦,𝑧,𝜏), where π‘₯𝑠=(π‘₯βˆ’π‘£0𝜏). In such a case, we have βˆ’π‘£0πœ•π‘žπ‘ πœ•π‘₯𝑠+πœ•π‘žπ‘ πœ•πœ=βˆ’2π‘˜1π‘˜(πœ”+β„Ž)πœ•π‘žπ‘ πœ•π‘₯𝑠+6π‘˜1π‘˜(πœ”+β„Ž)π‘ž2πœ•π‘žπ‘ πœ•π‘₯𝑠.(25)

If we designate the value𝑣0=2π‘˜1(πœ”+β„Ž)π‘˜(26) as the velocity of movement of a soliton as a whole, then the expression πœ•π‘žπ‘ /πœ•πœ=6π‘˜1π‘˜(πœ”+β„Ž)π‘ž2πœ•π‘žπ‘ /πœ•π‘₯𝑠 or, in spherical coordinates: πœ•π‘žπ‘ πœ•πœ=3𝑣0π‘ž2πœ•π‘žπ‘ πœ•π‘Ÿπ‘ sinπœƒcosπœ‘,(27) (here π‘Ÿπ‘  is the radial coordinate in the system of moving soliton) describes the deformation of a soliton because of its movement along the π‘₯-axis. For considering solitons, the derivative πœ•π‘žπ‘ /πœ•π‘Ÿ<0. Consequently, the PBS frontal side is decreasing, that is, it becomes steeper, but the back side is increasing, that is, it becomes more sloped in the same extent. Thereby, β€œthe centre of gravity” of soliton is displaced in a direction opposite to a direction of the main movement. Thus, the form of moving soliton differs from spherical, but if 𝑄=0 its energy does not change. However, the dissipation (𝑄≠0) results not only in change of frequency, but also in decrease of the velocity and, accordingly, of kinetic energy:πΈπ‘˜inet=πœ‹π‘€0π΅π‘˜1(πœ”+β„Ž)2𝛼𝐾1ξ‚Ά1.5𝑣20ξ€œπ‘ž2π‘Ÿ2π‘‘π‘Ÿ.(28)

In turn, as a result of the velocity reduction, PBS asymptotically becomes more spherical in the form (more precisely, owing to anisotropy, ellipsoid of rotation).

5. Influence of the Demagnetizing Fields and a More Correct Equation for PBS

To estimate approximately the influence of demagnetizing field in the case of PBS, let’s use the formula that concerns homogeneity magnetize sphere only:𝐻demag=βˆ’4πœ‹3𝑀𝑧.(29)

Corresponding to (12) and (13), magnetization of PBS equals𝑀𝑠=2𝑀0βˆšπ‘˜1(πœ”+β„Ž)π‘ž2.(30)

If to us the expression (30) for the magnetization in (29), we receive the following: β„Ždemagβ‰…βˆ’8πœ‹π‘€03𝐡(πœ”+β„Ž)π‘ž2.(31)

We can use this expression to estimate the value of demagnetizing field. With constants that were used in our examples, we receive β„Ždemag=βˆ’0.9Γ—10βˆ’3π‘ž2, that is, the relative change of magnetic field Ξ”<10βˆ’3 (in our cases β„Žβ‰…1). Such correction does not change qualitatively the characteristics of PBS and changes them quantitatively very little. Therefore, we can neglect demagnetizing fields.

It is possible to write down a more correct equation for PBS, in comparison to (19), taking into account the additions proportional to π‘˜1:ξ€·1+π‘˜1(πœ”+β„Ž)2π‘ž2𝑑2π‘žπ‘‘π‘Ÿ2+2π‘Ÿπ‘‘π‘žξ‚Ά+π‘žπ‘‘π‘Ÿ1βˆ’π‘ž2Γ—ξ€Ί1+2π‘˜1(πœ”+β„Ž)2βˆ’π‘˜1(πœ”+β„Ž)2π‘ž2ξ€»ξ‚΅π‘‘π‘žξ‚Άπ‘‘π‘Ÿ2ξ€·=π‘ž1βˆ’π‘ž2ξ€Έπ‘˜ξ‚Έξ‚΅1βˆ’2π‘˜1π‘ž2ξ‚Άξ€·1+π‘˜1(πœ”+β„Ž)21ξ€·1βˆ’π‘ž2Γ—ξ€·ξ€Έξ€Έ1βˆ’π‘˜1(πœ”+β„Ž)2π‘ž2ξ€Έβˆ’(πœ”+β„Ž)2ξ‚Ή.(32) However, using the value π‘˜1=1.43Γ—10βˆ’4 corresponding to Cr2O3 [6], the solutions of (32) differ by less than 1% from the solutions of (19).

6. Conclusions

(1) It is shown that dissipation of energy for precessing ball solitons is accompanied by the change of the precession frequency and by the deceleration of spatial movement.

(2) Kinetics of the PBS is defined by the sign of initial precession frequency and the amplitude of the originated PBS. PBS transforms into the domains of the new phase if the initial frequency of precession is negative (πœ”init<0) and the initial amplitude π‘žπ‘š,init>√0.5. In the paper, the whole process of such transformation of PBS has been analyzed.

(3) If πœ”init<0,π‘žπ‘š,init<√0.5, the π‘ž values in the PBS are decreasing and frequency πœ” is decreasing in absolute value, πœ”β†’βˆ’0.

(4) At spatial movement of PBS, its form is deformed, but it does not change the size and the amplitude. The dissipation results not only in change of precession frequency, but also in reduction of the velocity of movement. As a result of the velocity reduction, the shape of PBS is approaching to spherical.

Acknowledgment

The author is grateful to Professor A. Zvezdin for very useful discussions about the solitonic problem.