Reduced Heart Rate Recovery Is Associated with Poorer Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Cardiovascular Disease
Table 1
Demographic characteristics, clinical conditions, reasons for referral to cardiac rehabilitation, cardiovascular indices, and neuropsychological test performance ().
Demographics
Mean (SD)
Range
Age (years)
67.87 (8.92)
53–83
Education (years)
14.07 (2.61)
7–20
Male, (%)
32 (68%)
15
Clinical conditions
Percentage with condition
Arrhythmia
2%
Atrial fibrillation
11%
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
23%
Cardiac arrest
2%
Diabetes (type II)
26%
Myocardial infarction (MI)
21%
Heart failure
15%
High cholesterol
28%
Hypertension
43%
-blocker usage
68%
Type of event or condition prompting referral to cardiac rehabilitation
Number of participants
Percentage of participants
Ablation
1
2%
Angina
5
11%
Aortic valve repair
1
2%
CABG
8
17%
MI
6
13%
Mitral valve repair
3
6%
Stent
21
45%
Valve replacement
2
4%
Cardiovascular indices
Mean (SD)
Range; median
HRrest*
66.6 (11.9)
40–96; 65
HRpeak
112.7 (19.5)
60–159; 115
METspeak
7.3 (3.2)
1.0–14.5; 7.0
HR2min-post
81.0 (18.2)
43–126; 80
Heart rate recovery
31.7 (15.2)
0–67; 31
Neuropsychological test performance
Mean (SD)
Range
MMSE
28.4 (1.5)
25–30
3MS
95 (4.1)
83–100
TMT-A time (seconds)
36.9 (11.7)
22–82
TMT-B time (seconds)
97.3 (49.9)
42–325
LNS total score
8.9 (3.00)
2–15
FAB total score
16.4 (1.7)
11–18
Pegs, dominant hand time (seconds)
103.4 (52.5)
56–398
HVLT learning
21.9 (5.5)
10–33
HVLT delayed recall
7.2 (3.4)
0–12
HVLT true hits
11.0 (1.2)
7–12
BNT short form total score
14.3 (0.9)
12–15
Animal Naming
18.3 (5.2)
7–33
*Data regarding resting HR (HRrest) were missing for 1 of the 47 participants.
