Abstract
Zinc bismuth silicate glasses with compositions (, and 40) have been prepared by conventional melt-quench technique and the solubility limit of zinc in bismuth silicate glass system has been estimated using X-ray diffraction technique. Density has been measured using Archimedes' principle; with increase in ZnO in the samples, the molar volume and density are found to decrease. The glass transition temperature () has been determined by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and is observed to increase with increase in ZnO content. Raman and FTIR spectra have been recorded at room temperature and the analysis of Raman and FTIR shows that in all the glass compositions, asymmetric and symmetric stretched vibrations of Si–O bonds in SiO4 tetrahedral units exist and with decrease in Bi2O3, the contribution of symmetric vibrations begins to dominate which results in increased compactness of the glass structure.
1. Introduction
Glasses based on heavy metal oxide have attracted attention of researcher’s community for their excellent IR transmission compared with conventional glasses [1, 2]. The bismuth oxide glasses have wide range of applications for optical and electronic devices, mechanical sensors, and reflecting windows [3, 4]. Bi2O3 is not a classical glass former but due to high polarisibility and small field strength of Bi3+ ions, in the presence of conventional glass formers like SiO2, PbO and B2O3, a glass network of BiO3 and BiO6 may be built [5]. However, the structural role played by Bi2O3 in glasses is complicated. Bi2O3 is suitable for forming glass with high refractive index, nontoxicity, wide transmission range, and so forth [6]. SiO2 in its various amorphous forms has an extremely wide spectrum of industrial applications [7]. Several reports on ZnO-Bi2O3 with B2O3 and TeO2, CdO-ZnO-V2O5, V2O5-Bi2O3-B2O3, and V2O5-ZnO-Bi2O3 systems exist in literature [8–14], but physical and structural studies of SiO2-ZnO-Bi2O3 are rare.
The aim of present paper is to investigate the effect of ZnO on physical and structural properties of bismuth silicate glass samples using the techniques of XRD, DSC, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy.
2. Experimental
The glass samples in the system with composition , and 40 were prepared using analar grade SiO2, Bi2O3, and ZnO chemicals, by conventional melt-quench method. However, the samples with (ZnO content) higher than 40 had also been tried to synthesize but we could not succeed. For the synthesis of samples, the weighed quantities of SiO2, ZnO and Bi2O3 in appropriate proportions were well-mixed using pestle mortar and then the mixture was taken in silica crucible. The crucible containing mixture was then put in an electrically heated muffle furnace and temperature was slowly raised to 1100°C at which the mixture gets melted. The melt was kept at 1100°C for half an hour and was shaken for proper mixing and homogeneity. The coin shaped glass samples were obtained by pouring and quenching the melt in between two stainless steel plates at room temperature. Density of glass samples was measured using Archimedes’ Principle with water as buoyant liquid. X-ray diffraction patterns were taken by using Rigaku Table Top X-ray Diffract meter (XRD) to detect the amorphous character. The glass transition temperature () was determined from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using TA instruments, Model No. Q600 SDT. For this purpose glass samples were heated in nitrogen atmosphere at rate of 20°C/min in the temperature range of 40°C to 1000°C. Infrared transmission spectra were recorded at room temperature using Shimadzu FRIT-8001PC spectrometer over the range 400 to 2000 cm−1. The powdered samples were thoroughly mixed with dry KBr in ratio of 1 : 20 by weight and then pallets were prepared under pressure of 8-9 tons. The Raman Spectra were recorded using Renishaw Invia Reflex Micro Raman Spectrometer with Ar ion laser (514 nm) under back scattering configuration.
3. Results and Discussion
The prepared glass samples of with , and 40 were found to be light yellow in colour. The XRD patterns of glass samples with , and 40 are shown in Figure 1. The presence of broad spectrum and absence of any sharp peak in X-ray diffractograms confirms amorphous nature of the synthesized glass samples. The measured values of density () for all samples are given in Table 1. Perusal of the data presented in Table 1 reveals that the density of samples decreases with increase in ZnO content. This is usual trend as heavier Bi2O3 molecules are replaced by lighter ZnO molecules.
The molar volume () was calculated by using the relation where is density, , and represent the molar fraction and molecular weight of th component, and density, respectively. The values of are also presented in Table 1 and its variation with composition is shown in Figure 2. Perusal of Figure 2 shows that the molar volume also decreases with increase in ZnO content. Similar results have been reported in the literature for V2O5-Bi2O3-ZnO [9] and Li2O-Bi2O3-ZnO [15] glass systems. The results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for 40SiO2-ZnO-()Bi2O3 with are shown in Figure 3. The glass forming tendency and thermal stability of glasses may be determined from values of . It is observed that increases with increase in ZnO content, indicating the increase in glass thermal stability. A decrease of associated with an increase in heavy metal oxide content in glassy matrix can be attributed to a network opening [16]. So, network compactness of glassy matrix in the present glass system increases with increases of ZnO content.
The glass forming tendency and thermal stability of glasses may be determined from values of . It is observed that increases with increase in ZnO content, indicating the increase in glass thermal stability. A decrease of associated with an increase in heavy metal oxide content in glassy matrix can be attributed to a network opening [16]. So, network compactness of glassy matrix in the present glass system increases with incresase of ZnO content.
The Raman spectra are characterized by three major bands, ~120 cm−1, 400 cm−1, and a weak broad band ~900 cm−1, for all compositions of (shown in Figure 4). The FTIR spectra is characterized by two sharp absorption bands between 425 to 550 cm−1 (centred at around 475 cm−1), 800 to 1200 cm−1 (centred at nearly 950 cm−1), a small band or flattening at 720 cm−1 in all studied glass samples and a small band occurs around 800 cm−1 in glass samples for , and 40 as shown in Figure 5. In Raman spectra, the band between 50 and 200 cm−1 (centered at around 120 cm−1) is usually related to vibrations involving motions of the Bi3+ cations in [BiO6] and/or [BiO3] units [17, 18]. Another band centred at 400 cm−1 may be attributed to the Bi–O–Bi and Bi–O stretching vibrations of BiO6 Octahedral units [19, 20] and may be due to asymmetric bending vibrations of Si–O–Si in SiO4 structural units [21, 22].
The intensity of this band decreases with the decrease in Bi2O3 content in present glass system, suggesting the presence of bismuth as network modifier in the form of BiO6 octahedral units. This is also supported by the FTIR data. In FTIR the bands between 425 to 550 cm−1 and 800 to 1200 cm−1 are attributed to Bi–O–Bi and Bi–O Vibrations of BiO6 octahedra [17, 20, 23]. Ardelean et al. [24] has reported a band at 715 cm−1 due to symmetric stretching vibrations of Bi–O bond in BiO3 pyramidal units. So, the small kink observed at 720 cm−1 in all the glass compositions may be attributed to symmetric stretching vibrations of Bi–O bond in BiO3 pyramidal units. The Raman spectra of all compositions show a weak band around 920 cm−1, which may be attributed to the symmetric stretching vibrations of SiO4 with three non-bridging oxygens [21]. The position and intensity of this band remains same on wave number scale as per our expectations, as the SiO2 content remain same in all the compositions. It is also supported by the FTIR, where band between 800 to 1200 cm−1 is attributed to the asymmetric stretching vibration mode of SiO4 tetrahedra [17]. A small but well-distinguished IR band at around 800 cm−1 is present in glass samples with , and 40. This band is merged in the broad IR band from 800 cm−1 to 1200 cm−1 for other glass compositions. The band at around the 800 cm−1 in FTIR data is attributed to Si–O symmetric stretched vibrations [25]. The study of Raman and FTIR spectra shows that in all the glass compositions, asymmetric and symmetric stretched vibrations of SiO4 exist and with decrease of Bi2O3, the contribution of symmetric vibrations begins to dominate. This may be due to replacement of larger Bi2O3 molecule by smaller ZnO molecule and hence may result in decrease of stretching of silicate network.This may result in the increased compactness of the glass structure, which is also evidenced by decrease in molar volume and increase in . Low frequency band present in FTIR data at around 450 cm−1 in all glass samples is assigned to vibrations of Zn2+ metal cations [9]. The width of the Raman bands in disordered materials is a measure of the disorder in the local structure [26]. The Raman band width decreases with decrease in bismuth content indicating that the vicinity of bismuth in the present glass system is more distorted.
4. Conclusions
Various investigations like X-ray diffraction, density, and DSC carried out on for , and 45 reveal that stable glasses are obtained for to 40; the glass forming tendency and thermal stability of these glasses increase with increase in ZnO content. For higher concentration of ZnO that is, more than , glass formation becomes difficult in the present physical conditions and this may be taken as the solubility limit of ZnO in present glass system. The density of these glasses is observed to decrease with increase in ZnO content. On addition of ZnO into bismuth silicate system, contribution of symmetric vibrations of Si–O bonds in SiO4 tetrahedral units dominate over asymmetric vibrations. Bi2O3 plays the role of both glass former as well as modifier in the present system of study.
Acknowledgments
The authors are very thankful to DRDO, New Delhi; DST (FIST), New Delhi, for financial assistance in the form of Grants. Two of the authors (R. Punia and J. Hooda) are specially thankful to UGC, New Delhi, for granting the teacher fellowships under Faculty Improvement Programme.