Smart Materials Research / 2012 / Article / Tab 9 / Review Article
Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Devices: An Alternative Energy Source for Wireless Sensors Table 9 Summary of piezoelectric nanogenerators*.
Output Performance Key material attributes Generator type and dimensions (length × diameter) Voltage Current Current density Power or power density Reference n -ZnO synthesized by PVD. Eg: 3.37 eV; EA: 2.15 eVAC type 50 μ m × 200 μ m 2.03 V 107 nA — 11 mW/cm3 [31 ] n -ZnO synthesised by solution growth. Eg 3.37 eV; EA: 4.35 eVDC type 2 μ m × 100 nm — — 2 μ A/cm2 — [32 ] n -ZnO synthesised by CVD. Eg: 3.37 eV; EA: 4.35 eVDC type 3 μ m × 90 nm 20 mV 0.5 μ A/cm2 — [33 ] InN by use of VLS. Eg: 0.7–0.9 eV; EA: 5.8 eV DC type 5 μ m × 25–100 nm 1.0 V — — — [35 ] GaN synthesised by CVD. Eg: 3.4 eV; EA: 4.1 eV DC type 10–20 μ m × 25–70 nm 20 mV — — — [36 ] PVDF synthesised by E-SP. Eg: 9.23 eV: EA: −0.53 eV Ac type 6.5 μ m × 500 nm 5–30 mV 0.5–3 nA [38 ] PZT synthesised HT process. Eg: 2.4 eV; EA: 2.15 eV AC type 5 μ m × 500 nm 0.7 V — 4 μ A/cm2 2.8 mW/cm3 [40 ] BaTiO3 synthesised by HTCR growth. Eg: 3.3 eV; EA: 2.90 eV AC type 15 μ m × 280 nm 25 mV — — — [79 ]
: physical vapour deposition, CVD: chemical vapour deposition, E-SP: electro-spinning process, HT: hydrothermal, HTCR: high temperature chemical reaction, Eg: energy gap, EA: electron affinity, and “—” = not stated.
