Journal of Criminology

Research Article

Demographic, Psychological, and School Environment Correlates of Bullying Victimization and School Hassles in Rural Youth

Table 1

Sample descriptive statistics and model-estimated odds ratios for bullying victimization.
VariableDescriptives Odds ratio
MeanSD
Student demographics:   
 Age12.8331.0680.720***
 Gender (male)   
  Female0.5320.4990.866
 Use free or reduced lunch (no)   
  Yes0.6640.4731.063
 Race (non-Hispanic White)   
  Hispanic0.1210.3260.722*
  Non-Hispanic African American0.2210.4150.585***
  American Indian0.2780.4480.825
  Mixed race or other0.1110.3140.824
Student psychological factors:   
 Anxiety 1.4750.5581.514***
 Depression1.4470.5651.764***
 Aggression1.3360.3610.992
 Self-esteem2.7120.4370.966
Microsystem factors:   
 School satisfaction2.3700.4860.483***
 Friend support2.4900.5530.774**
 Teacher support3.1660.5631.160
 Parent support2.6790.4921.139
 Neighborhood support3.0310.6050.935
School aggregated characteristics:   
 School size509.030236.2141.000
 % Students at or above grade level in reading57.9519.2480.989
 % Students at or above grade level in math75.2977.0031.004
 Teacher turnover rate (%)11.3038.9680.992
 Teachers with advanced degrees (%)23.4388.5561.004
 % White students27.54124.0501.004
 % African American students30.24020.2361.004
 % Hispanic students9.31910.0611.003
 % American Indian students31.57030.2240.998
 % Using free or reduced lunch65.45611.2210.997
 % Teachers with 4–10 years of experiences28.7539.2320.991
 % Teachers with 10+ years of experiences51.22514.0731.003
  3610
Model chi-square (df)  336.03 (28)***
Note: Reference groups for indicator variables are shown in the parentheses.
; ; , two-tailed test.