Abstract
The power electronic interface between a satellite electrical power system (EPS) with a photovoltaic main source and battery storage as the secondary power source is modelled based on the state space averaging method. Subsequently, sliding mode controller is designed for maximum power point tracking of the PV array and load voltage regulation. Asymptotic stability is ensured as well. Simulation of the EPS is accomplished using MATLAB. The results show that the outputs of the EPS have good tracking response, low overshoot, short settling time, and zero steady-state error. The proposed controller is robust to environment changes and load variations. Afterwards, passivity based controller is provided to compare the results with those of sliding mode controller responses. This comparison demonstrates that the proposed system has better transient response, and unlike passivity based controller, the proposed controller does not require reference PV current for control law synthesis.
1. Introduction
As space missions are getting more involved, satellites systems are getting more complex in parallel. Even the size of satellites are getting smaller due to budgetary constraints, the amount of power required to run the complete system is getting bigger resulting in larger PV arrays, higher battery capacity, and a much more sophisticated electrical power system (EPS). The primary function of EPS is to supply and manage uninterrupted power to its subsystems and payloads. These subsystems include power generation subsystems such as PV arrays, power storage subsystems which are batteries with different chemical structures, power control and distribution subsystems like power converters, power distribution units, power conditioning units, and battery charging units [1].
In the present space power domain, most of the satellite power systems use PV arrays as their power core. Despite all the advantages presented by the generation of energy through PV cells, the efficiency of energy conversion is currently low; thus, it becomes necessary to use techniques to extract the maximum power from these panels, in order to achieve maximum efficiency in operation. The requirement for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is raised by the fact that the MPP of the PV array continuously varies with temperature and illumination changes. Due to the nonlinear characteristic of the PV array and drastic changes in irradiance and temperature, design of the MPPT unit is important. Several studies have been carried out, such as sliding mode control [2], adaptive control [3], neural networks [4], PSO [5, 6], fuzzy logic [7], chaos search [8], and GA-PI [9]. There are also some works about comparing different MPPT algorithms, such as [10–12]. This study uses a sliding mode controller for the MPPT. Unlike passivity based controller which is introduced in [13], sliding mode control approach which is proposed in this paper does not require reference current for control law synthesis.
Sliding mode control (SMC) is popular to converters [14]. The application of SMC to DC/DC converters can be traced back to 1983 [15]. The SMC design theory and application examples are available in [16]. SMC offers several benefits, namely, large signal stability, robustness, good dynamic response, system order reduction, and simple implementation [17]. A typical sliding mode control has two modes of operation. One is called the approaching mode, where the system state converges to a predefined manifold named sliding function in finite time. The other mode is called the sliding mode, where the system state is confined on the sliding surface and is driven to the origin [16].
Passivity based control (PBC) was introduced by Ortega et al. [18], as a controller design methodology that achieves stabilization by passivation. Two theories for PBC have been developed: Euler Lagrange (EL)-PBC and interconnection and damping assignment (IDA)-PBC [13]. In this paper, EL-PBC [13] is provided to compare the results with those of the proposed sliding mode controller responses.
In this study, SMC approach is used for maximum power point tracking of the PV array, load voltage regulating, and charging or discharging the battery. Asymptotic stability of the proposed system is confirmed by using Lyapunov theory.
The paper is organized as follows. System modeling is introduced in Section 2. In Section 3, design and analysis of the SMC are presented. PBC is provided in Section 4 for comparison with the proposed control approach. Simulation results in MATLAB environment are then used in Section 5 to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller. Finally, Section 6 concludes the paper.
2. System Modeling
The proposed satellite EPS is depicted in Figure 1. This EPS comprises a PV array, a battery storage, DC/DC converters, and load. The battery storage has been considered for conditions in which the load power exceeds the generating power of the PV array.
2.1. Photovoltaic Energy System
A solar cell is the fundamental component of a PV system, which converts the solar energy into electrical energy. A PV cell consists of a p-n junction semiconductor material. A PV array consists of a certain number of PV cells connected in series/parallel to provide the desired voltage and current. The equivalent circuit of a PV cell is depicted in Figure 2.
The equivalent circuit mainly consists of a current source (), in which its amplitude depends on irradiance and temperature, diode, and internal resistance (). The P-I characteristic of a PV cell is highly nonlinear and is given by the following equations [3]: where and are the PV cell voltage and current, respectively, is the diode reverse saturation current, is the electron charge, is the ideality factor of the p-n junction, is the Boltzmann constant, is the temperature coefficient, is the cell temperature, is the reference temperature, is the bandgap energy, is the saturation current at , and is the short circuit current.
Figure 3 shows the P-I curve of the SM-55 PV array under different irradiance conditions (). The power delivered by the PV module depends on the PV irradiance and cell temperature. Thus, maximum power must be available under different conditions. The typical approach used to maximize the power drawn from PV arrays under varying atmospheric conditions is the MPPT algorithm, which provides a reference voltage or current for the DC/DC converter. Unlike common approaches [13], in this study, the maximum power is drawn from PV array by implementing the sliding mode controller, and no desired PV reference is required.
2.2. Battery Storage
Storage devices are utilized for energy storage in EPS. The batteries store energy in the electrochemical form. In this study, the battery is modelled based on the generic Thevenin model [19]. Figure 4 shows equivalent circuit of the battery, where is the open circuit voltage and is the equivalent resistance.
2.3. DC/DC Converters
The amplitude of the DC output current (voltage) of the PV array depending on the solar irradiance delivered to the PV arrays. Therefore, a boost DC/DC converter is utilized to adjust the output current of the PV system. Also, a bidirectional DC/DC converter is used for load voltage regulation and charge or discharge the battery storage. The DC/DC converters have been depicted in Figure 1.
From Figure 5, the system can be written in four sets of state equation depends on the position of switches SW1, SW2, and SW3. By utilizing state space averaging method [20], dynamic equations of the system can be expressed as: where is the state vector, is the duty cycle of SW1 which is also a control input for MPPT, and is the duty cycle of SW2 which is also a control input for regulating load voltage and charging or discharging battery. Equation (3) can be written in general form of the nonlinear time invariant system:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
3. Sliding Mode Controller Design
In the proposed EPS, the main objectives are maximum power point tracking of the PV array and load voltage regulation. In this study, an MIMO sliding mode controller is designed for these purposes. The proposed controller produces two control signals. The first control signal () is applied to the boost converter for the MPPT of the PV array, and the second control signal () is applied to the bidirectional boost converter for load voltage regulation. Unlike other approaches [13], in this study, no desired PV reference required for control law synthesis. Thus, the proposed system is robust to operation conditions and PV array’s parameter changes.
Figure 3 shows P-I curve of the PV array under uniform insolation conditions. By selecting the PV sliding surface as (5), it is guaranteed that the system state will hit the surface and produce maximum power persistently: where is the equivalent load. The nontrivial solution of (5) selected as PV sliding surface (): With , (6) can also be written as: Voltage regulation sliding surface () is also selected as: where is the desired battery current and can be described by: where , , and are battery, load, and PV powers respectively. By considering the sliding surface vector as (10) it is guaranteed that the system will reach its desired states:
In order to get the equivalent control () suggested by [16], the equivalent control is determined from the following condition: The equivalent control is then derived: Since the range of duty cycle must lie in , the real control signal is proposed as where and can be written as where and are constant coefficients and are determined by trial and error method by using computer simulations, is the saturation function which is shown in Figure 6, and is a small constant and is selected for chattering avoidance [16].
The existence of the approaching mode of the proposed sliding function is provided. A Lyapunov function is defined as where and are positive definite terms and defined as The time derivative of can be written as The achievability of will be obtained by . It can be shown that both and are negative definite. can be written as follows: Three cases should be examined for the fulfillment of .
For Since always has the same sign of and , the sign of (19) is negative definite.
For In this case, the load voltage () is higher than the battery voltage () and . From (20) it results .
For In this case, is obtained and .
From the discussion above, is obtained.
can also be written as The time derivative of can be written as Replacing by the definition of , By (1), the following equations will be obtained: Substituting (25) into (23) yields According to the result of (25) and , the sign of (26) is negative definite. The achievability of will be obtained by for all discussed as follows.
For Based on the result of (26) and (27), always has inverse sign of . Therefore, is obtained for .
For By (26) and (28), with , two cases should be examined for the fulfillment of .
(a) .
If , it implies that which means is negative for this case. Therefore, will be less than 1, which contradicts to the assumption of .
(b) .
If , but , it implies that and .
It conclude that for .
For In this case load voltage () is higher than the PV voltage (). From (26) and (29), it results that . Two cases for are examined as follows.
(a) .
implies , which corresponding to the situation that the PV array is directly connected to the load and operates in the region . As the results and it contradicts to the assumption of .
(b) .
In this case, is obtained and .
It concludes that for .
From the discussion above, the stability of the system can be guaranteed using the proposed control law (14).
4. Passivity Based Control
In this study, Euler Lagrange—Passivity based control (EL-PBC) approach [13] is provided to compare the results with those of the proposed sliding mode controller responses. The design of the passivity based (PB) controller is based on the Euler Lagrange model of the converters. The PBC control signals which proposed in [13] are shown in where is the reference current and needs to be determined by MPPT algorithms, is the desired battery current and can be described by (9), is the reference of the load voltage. are design parameters (see [13] for more details). Passivity based control approach which is introduced in [13], required reference current for control law synthesis and may lead to a lack of robustness to operation conditions.
5. Simulation
MATLAB environment is used to investigate the performance of the SMC on the proposed satellite EPS. PBC is provided to compare the results with those of proposed SMC responses. The simulation investigates four system characteristics: robustness against irradiance, temperature, load resistance, and load voltage reference changes. Unlike SMC, PBC approach required reference current for control law synthesis which comes from P&O algorithm [13]. It is assumed that optimal reference current is available to PBC. The parameters of the components are chosen to deliver maximum 55 W of power generated by SM-55 and battery. The specification of the system is tabulated in Table 1.
According to Table 2, two step changes applied to Load resistance, load voltage reference, irradiance level, and PV array temperature at and (ms).
Figure 7 presents the state variables and control signals. PV array current () based on the proposed controllers has faster response with zero steady state error. The load voltage () tracks the voltage reference () well, with low overshoot, short settling time and zero steady-state error. Figure 8 shows the efficiency of the both control approaches. As illustrated in the figure, both approaches have 100% steady state efficiency, but SMC has better transient efficiency. Unlike the SMC, the PBC approach needs optimal reference current which comes from external MPPT algorithms.
Figure 9 shows the PV array and battery voltage. Figure 10 shows PV array power, battery power, and load power. As illustrated, the proposed SMC has better transient response and charges and discharges the battery efficiently.
6. Results
In this paper, a state space averaging model of a satellite electrical power system (EPS) with a PV array as the main source, a battery storage as the secondary source and interfacing DC/DC converters has been presented. Subsequently, sliding mode controller has been designed to control the interfacing DC/DC converters. To investigate the validity of the proposed system, a passivity based controller was provided. Unlike PBC, the proposed system does not require reference current for control law synthesis. Simulation results show that both approaches have zero steady state error. But the proposed control approach has better transient response and does not require external MPPT reference current. Moreover, the aforementioned results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed control approach during the load resistance, battery voltage, solar irradiance, PV array temperature, and load voltage reference changes.