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| Nonlinear systems theory | Feminist theory | Postprocessualism |
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Critiques universal laws as ideal
Context-specific cultural rules | 3rd wave critique 2nd wave essentialism
Historical variation in gender systems | VS ahistorical cross-cultural laws, determinism
Context-specific cultural norms, rules |
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Incompleteness of reduction to parts
Retains scientific determinism | VS science claim of neutral male objectivity
Stronger objectivity through bias awareness | VS positivistic belief in neutral objectivity
VS dichotomy between subject and object |
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Critiques order versus chaos dichotomy
Chaos is stochastic variation in a deterministic system-dehumanized
VS constructing structural dichotomies | Critiques gendered dichotomy between chaotic nature versus scientific order
VS constructing structural dichotomies
VS belief in innate gender dichotomy | Structuralism in cultural context
Belief in deep cultural binary structures
Belief binary thinking is innate
Culturally structured gender dichotomy |
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Inclusive both/and thinking
Spectrum interrelating order and chaos | Inclusive and/and theory of diversity
Continuum of gender/sexual identities | Either/or thinking constructing differences
Individual agency can change structures |
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VS only large-scale causes of large effects
Small random variations have large effects
Models of individual decisions in groups | VS only large scale causes of change
Individuals cause major cultural change
Individual free will with cultural limits | Research on cultural structures, large scales
Only theorization of individual variability
Individual variation within cultural structures |
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VS only external causes of change
Internal small changes have large effects | VS only external causes of change
Internal small groups cause major change | Research on cultural structuring of agency
Neglect of nonlinear small group dynamics |
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VS ignoring random variation as noise
VS linear patterns and processes
Random variation leads to major change | VS deviant individuals as “exceptions”
VS reduction of gender to social subsystem
Inclusion of diversity in actions, viewpoints | VS ignoring random variation as noise
VS systems theory adaptationism
Pro variability, plural views, meanings |
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VS macroscale determining microscale
Small differences in initial conditions
Lead to major divergence in evolution
Chaotic systems evolve irreversibly | VS macroscale determining microscale
Development from small to large scale feminist organizations
It is possible to lose gains in rights | VS macroscale determining microscale
Research on cultural processes
No evolutionary scale research
Variation contingent on historical situation |
Unmeasurable initial conditions
So cannot predict nonlinear processes | VS generalizations overlooking diversity
Legal and cultural processes of change | Static conceptions of social agency
Individual and group processes change norms |
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