| Drugs and medication | Methotrexate, clometacin, 6-mercaptapurine, p-aminosalicylic acid, vinyl chloride, amitriptyline, chlordiazepoxide, and chlorpromazine and herbal medicine |
| Autoimmune diseases | Systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, polyarthritis, ulcerative colitis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), polyarteritis nodosa, and primary biliary cirrhosis |
| Viral causes | Hepatitis A, B, C, E Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), HIV, paramyxo-like virus. herpesvirus 6A infection, and human papillomavirus. |
| Miscellaneous | Hypereosinophilia, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, lymphoma, sarcoidosis, Kugelberg-Welander syndrome, hypoparathyroidism, Sickle cell anaemia, and post transplant |
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