Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) ontogenetically skull shape change and three main skull shape types across Europe (composed from [8, 46, 62–66] and herein added new material: 1–3, 10, 13, 16 and 20). (1) Sibbling lower jaw from the Mixnitz Cave cave bear den, Austria (RE no. NMB 108a), (a) dorsal and (b) lateral. (2) Incomplete sibling skull from Aufhauser Cave hyena den, Germany (SMNS without no.), (a) dorsal and (b) lateral. (3) Sibling mandible with milk dentition from Hohlenstein Cave hyena den, Germany (SMNS no. 33226), lateral. (4) Cub maxillary with permanent dentition from Zoolithen Cave hyena and cave bear den, Germany (UE no. Sp 42/14), lateral. (5) Cub mandible with permanent dentition from Zoolithen Cave hyena and cave bear den, Germany (UE no. GL 77/85), lateral. (6) Early adult skull from a skeleton of Urşilor Cave cave bear den, Romania (SIER no. PU/0001), (a) dorsal and (b) lateral. (7) Early adult skull with lower jaw from a skeleton of Srbsko Chlum-Komín Cave hyena den, Czech Republic (NMP no. R4406), (a) dorsal and (b) lateral. (8) Early adult skull from the Perick Caves hyena and cave bear den, Germany (BMNHL no. 28553), (a) dorsal and (b) lateral. (9) Early adult skull from Beroun-Hýskov open air river terrace site, Czech Republic (MBKB no. 363a), (a) dorsal and (b) lateral. (10) Adult skull from Zoolithen Cave hyena and cave bear den, Germany (MB no. Ma.50947), (a) dorsal and (b) lateral. (11) Adult skull from Badel Cave hyena and cave bear den, Austira (MOM no. F1), (a) dorsal and (b) lateral. (12) Adult skull from Sloup Cave hyena and cave bear den, Czech Republic (AMB no. OK130570), (a) dorsal and (b) lateral. (13) Senile skull from Campusal Cave, Romania (SIER without no.), (a) dorsal and (b) lateral. (14) Adult skull from Bobenheim-Roxheim open air river terrace, Germany (RE no. PCC 132), (a) dorsal and (b) lateral. (15) Adult skull from Zoolithen Cave hyena and cave bear den, Germany (UM-O no. BT5421), (a) dorsal and (b) lateral. (16) Senile skull with several dental pathologies from Hermann’s Cave cave bear den, Germany (NMB no. 1794-M), (a) dorsal and (b) lateral. (17) Adult skull (mounted in composite skeleton) from Sloup Cave hyena and cave bear den, Czech Republic (AMB without no.), (a) dorsal and (b) lateral. (18) Adult skull (mounted in composite skeleton) from Sloup Cave hyena and cave bear den, Czech Republic (NHMV no. 1885/0014/4302), (a) dorsal and (b) lateral. (19) Adult skull of a skeleton from Huttenheim open air river terrace site, Germany (SMNS no. 6816.5.6.73.1), (a) dorsal and (b) lateral. (20) Adult skull of a skeleton from Edingen (Brühl) open air river terrace site, Germany (SMNS no. 6617.1.9.72.2), (a) dorsal and (b) lateral. (21) Adult skull from Mixnitz Cave cave bear den, Austria (RE no. NMB 107), (a) dorsal and (b) lateral. (22) Holotype skull with bite mark damage pathology of an adult male from Zoolithen Cave, Germany (MB no. Ma.50948), (a) dorsal and (b) lateral. (23) Adult skull from Zoolithen Cave hyena and cave bear den, Germany (MB no. Ma.48155.1), (a) dorsal and (b) lateral.