Abstract
The effect of coexistence of hydrogen on the product selectivity to ethane from methane by dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) reactor was examined experimentally under ordinary pressure without use of catalyst and external heating. By the dilution of methane with hydrogen, both the increase of methane conversion and the decrease of alkene production were observed, improving the selectivities to ethane by ca. 70%.
1. Introduction
To make use of natural gas as an alternative feedstock for petrochemical products, we have tried to synthesize C2 hydrocarbons by nonoxidative, that is, dehydrogenative coupling of methane, because this process produces hydrogen as a sole byproduct. The dehydrogenative coupling could become one of the green chemistry processes generating no waste materials without use of catalysts. Our previous performances were the synthesis of acetylene from methane (reaction (1)) by the microwave plasma reaction [1] and ethylene from methane (reaction (2)) by the thermal diffusion column [2–8], both with the acceptable high selectivities of the main product, being the maximum acetylene selectivity of 97.4% with the methane conversion () of 92.7% and also the ethylene selectivity of 91.5% with the of 9.4%, respectively,
The high selectivity is principally attributable to the local high energy supply to the reactant molecule under a reduced pressure in case of the microwave plasma reaction and also the steep temperature gradient between the center and the wall of the reactor column in case of the thermal diffusion reaction. Although the highest selectivity should be possible for these techniques, the low energy efficiency and the peculiar reactor setup give rise to be a stumbling block to the further progress for practical usages.
Subsequently, intensive investigations on dehydrogenative (nonoxidative) coupling of methane have been conducted in atmospheric nonthermal plasmas generated by spark discharge or dieletric-barrier discharge (DBD) without catalysts [9–11] and by DBD with special catalysts [12–15]. Ethane is the main product of these methane activation techniques, and the selectivity was as much as 60%, accompanying unsaturated and C3+ hydrocarbons. In our previous paper on the methane conversion by DBD [16], it has been clarified that the product distribution is greatly affected by the introduced gas pressure. Under a reduced pressure (12 kPa) acetylene was given in the highest selectivity of 40%, but it get down to 5% at the atmospheric pressure (101 kPa), resulting in the increase of the selectivity to ethane up to 57% and propane to 24%.
The objective of the present paper is to increase the product selectivity to ethane by a convenient DBD-driven plasma reactor, reducing the production of alkenes and C3+, by means of the coexistence of hydrogen, the main byproduct of the reaction (reaction (3)). The coexistence of helium was also examined as a reference,
2. Experimental
The schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus of dielectric-barrier discharge reactor, which consists of five sections (gas supply, high voltage power supply, radiator, reactor and analysis equipment), is similar the previous paper [16]. The detail of the reactor, which is basically available as an ozonizer, is illustrated in Figure 1. A Pyrex tube (25 mm i.d. with 300 mm length) was used as the dielectric barrier between outer and inner electrodes. Aluminum was pasted on the outer wall of the reactor tube as the outer electrode. The discharge occurred in the gap between the edge of disks and the inside wall of the tube. Two stainless steel rods (100 mm length) were connected, and the disk of 36 sheets (total) were arranged in a regular interval (5 mm) between the upper and lower parts of the tube.
The power level of the primary and the secondary voltages were varied from 0 to 100 V and 9.0 kV, respectively. The voltage and current were measured by using a high voltage probe and a current probe with an oscilloscope. Very low electric power (3~32 W) is required to make discharge with this reactor. All the experiments were carried out under atmospheric pressure.
High purity gas of (99.9999%) was used as a sole reactant gas. And also high purity gases of H2 (99.99%) or helium (99.9999%) were added to methane as coexistent gas at prescribed rate by volume. The reactant gas was supplied to the DBD reactor at the total feed rate of 50 mL/min.
After the discharge had been employed for 240 sec in the plasma state the outlet gas was sampled and analyzed using gas chromatographs (SHIMADZU, GC-14B) with a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) and a flame ionization detector (FID) using SHINCARBON S (2 m × 3 mmϕ) and SHINCARBON T (6 m × 3 mmϕ) as the separation column, respectively.
The conversion of the reactant methane defined as follows: And the carbon selectivity of the products were defined as follows:
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Effect on the Methane Conversion
The main product of the thermal decomposition of methane (thermal diffusion reactor, 800–1200°C) is ethene [2–8] and the polymerized oil [5]. A steep temperature gradient in this reactor was elucidated to give a higher conversion to ethene over the thermodynamic data calculated for the temperature uniform system. The key action of the so-called thermal diffusion effect by temperature gradient system is the mass separation of CH3 (or CH2) radical and H, evolved at the first stage of the decomposition of methane at the high temperature surface of the reactor.
It has been proposed as a possible DBD reaction mechanism that the collision of methane molecule with electron affords CH3 radical which gives birth to ethane by simple coupling. In our previous report [16], the methane conversion is limited to 9.5%, but the main product is ethane (nearly 60%) followed by propane (around 20%). The distributions of these main products by DBD are also similar values to the other reports [9–15], improving the methane conversion by use of catalysts, although the increase of C2 selectivities has been limited by ca. 20%. This means that the catalyst action seems hard to regulate the plasma state but promotes the further decomposition of the initial activated state.
As it was shown in our former paper [3], some coexistent gases promote the conversion of methane by retarding of the recombination of the dissociated methyl radical to methane. In the present study, the expected main byproduct with dehydrogenative methane coupling, namely hydrogen, was selected to be introduced to the discharge zone as a coexistent gas with methane to make simpler components of outlet gases from the practical standpoint.
As for the purpose to increase the , the dilution with coexistent gas was also effective in this case. The experimental results of the effect on the with the dilution gases are shown in Figure 2. The increase effect with helium coexistence was larger than that with hydrogen. This tendency was observed more clearly with the increase of the supplied power to the reactor (Figure 3).
The retarding effect against the recombination of CH3 and H is obvious with helium even at the gas ratio with methane is 0.3, but it is limited with respect to hydrogen. The reason might be the possibility of hydrogen to afford H to CH3 radical by the dissociation of itself, although it is not so much as methane (as shown in the case without coexistent gas).
3.2. The Effect on the Ethane Selectivity
The initial step, the C–H bond cleavage of methane, has the lowest exciting energy threshold of ca. 9.0 eV followed by the formation of CH2 (10 eV), CH (11 eV), and C (12 eV) [17]. This means that the attack of lower energy electron on methane molecule is favorable for the increase of CH3 radical concentration in the reaction zone, preventing the further decomposition to CH2, CH, and so forth, which are intermediate species to unsaturated hydrocarbons. It is favorable to apply as low energy to methane molecule as possible.
As it has been reported previously, the methane conversion with a high energy supply by microwave-induced plasma in a reduced pressure affords ethyne in extremely high yield [1], and the presence of a sort of catalyst in the similar situations promotes further dehydrogenations and results in the formation of carbon nanotube [18, 19]. Contrary to these, the low energy supply to methane molecule by DBD resulted in the product distributions to alkanes, ethane, and propane, with high rates of selectivity [16].
As for the effect of coexistent gas on the selectivities, it was shown that hydrogen worked to reduce unsaturated products compared with helium in the whole experimental conditions (Table 1). This phenomenon could also be supported by the promoting effect of added rare gas, which has been reported by Indarto et al. [20], on the methane conversion to hydrogen and solid carbon in the arc discharge. The opposite effect on the dehydrogenation was observed with the hydrogen addition. In the presence of excess hydrogen, no carbon deposition was observed and the production of ethene or ethyne was decreased greatly, resulting in higher selectivities to ethane and propane, ca. 70% and 20%, respectively. The reason might be attributable to the hydrogenation of the activated intermediates for ethane and propane, preventing them from the further dehydrogenations.
4. Conclusion
In the dehydrogenative coupling reaction of methane by DBD reactor, the coexistent hydrogen is effective for both the increase of the methane conversion rate and the increase of the product selectivity to ethane. The former can be explained by the dilution effect retarding the recombination of methyl radical with H, and the latter by the hydrogenation of unsaturated products or active intermediates. It is required to balance these conflicting effects for sake of increasing the yield of ethane.
In practical way of doing, ethane and propane would be converted to ethene and propene, both the petrochemical feedstock, by the conventional method at the present time. Byproduced hydrogen could be recycled on the site to the reactor with the recovered methane.
Highlights
There have been intensive investigations on dehydrogenative coupling of methane without catalyst at ambient conditions. The effect of coexistence of hydrogen on the methane conversion and the product selectivity of ethane was examined experimentally. The methane conversion was increased by the dilution of methane with hydrogen. The selectivity of ethane was improved up to 70%.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.