Thermoacoustic, Volumetric, and Viscometric Investigations in Binary Liquid System of Cyclohexanone with Benzyl Benzoate at <i>T</i> = 308.15, 313.15, and 318.15 K

Md Nayeem, Sk.; Kondaiah, M.; Sreekanth, K.; Krishna Rao, D.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/487403

Journal of Thermodynamics

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2014 | Article ID 487403 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/487403

Thermoacoustic, Volumetric, and Viscometric Investigations in Binary Liquid System of Cyclohexanone with Benzyl Benzoate at T = 308.15, 313.15, and 318.15 K

Sk. Md Nayeem,¹M. Kondaiah,²K. Sreekanth,³and D. Krishna Rao⁴

Academic Editor: Ahmet Z. Sahin

Received05 Sept 2014

Accepted26 Nov 2014

Published29 Dec 2014

Abstract

Ultrasonic velocities (), densities (), and viscosities () of binary liquid mixtures of cyclohexanone with benzyl benzoate, including pure liquids, over the entire composition range have been measured at 308.15 K, 313.15 K, and 318.15 K. Using the experimental results, parameters such as molar volume (), isentropic compressibility (), intermolecular free length (), acoustic impedance (), internal pressure (), enthalpy (), Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow (), and excess/deviation properties of these including partial molar volumes ( and ), excess partial molar volumes ( and ), partial molar volume of the components at infinite dilution (, ), and excess partial molar volume at infinite dilution (and ) have been computed. The observed negative values of , , , and and positive values of , , , , and for all the liquid mixtures studied clearly indicate the presence of strong dipole-dipole-type interactions, fitting of smaller molecules into bigger molecules. Further theoretical values of sound velocity and viscosity in the mixtures have been evaluated using various theories and have been compared with experimental values to verify the applicability of such theories to the systems studied.

1. Introduction

Volumetric, viscometric, and ultrasonic investigations of liquid mixtures are of considerable importance in understanding the intermolecular interactions occurring among component molecules and they find application in several industrial and technological processes [1, 2]. The work on medicinally used chemical compounds requires the attention of the society in all aspects including ultrasonic behaviour. Benzyl benzoate is a carboxylate ester which is used in oily injections and as an insect repellent and as acaricide and pediculicide in veterinary hospitals. It is an effective and inexpensive topical treatment for human scabies. It is a polar molecule (C⁺=O⁻) with the structure shown in Figure 12. Behaviour of benzyl benzoate in many liquids such as aliphatic alkanes, aromatic alkanes, aliphatic alcohols, substituted benzenes, acetates, ketones, and DMSO (super solvent) has been thoroughly studied ultrasonically [3–6].

Ketone is an organic compound that contains a carbonyl group and two aliphatic or aromatic substituents containing the chemical formula RCOR¹. Here, R and R¹ may be same or different incorporated into a ring (alkyl, aryl, and heterocyclic radicals). Cyclohexanone is a ketone liquid. The chemical reactivity of the carbonyl group (C⁺=O⁻) plays important role in chemical reactions and is influenced considerably by steric effects. The greater electronegativity of O⁻ and high dipole moment make ketones polar . The resonance structure shown in Figure 12 illustrates this polarity. Thus a study on thermophysical properties data of binary liquid mixtures has attracted considerable interest in the literature [7–10]. Cyclohexanone and its derivatives are used for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, dyes, herbicides, pesticides, plasticizers, and rubber chemicals.

The liquids under investigation have been chosen on the basis of their medicinal and industrial applications. These applications have greatly stirred the need for extensive information on the thermodynamic, acoustic, and transport properties of these solvents and their mixtures [11–13]. Ultrasonic and density data for binary mixtures of benzyl benzoate with Isomers of butanol have been studied previously in our laboratory [14]. The literature survey reveals that Madhuri et al. [15] have reported ultrasonic, volumetric, and viscometric studies of benzyl benzoate with acetonitrile and benzonitrile. Recently, Sri et al. [16] reported ultrasonic velocity and density in binary liquids of certain aldehydes and esters. In the present investigation, a detailed study of the binary mixture of benzyl benzoate (BB) with cyclohexanone (CH) at three temperatures 308.15 K, 313.15 K, and 318.15 K is aimed. From the experimentally measured data of ultrasonic velocity , densities , and viscosities , thermodynamic and other related parameters like molar volume, isentropic compressibility, acoustic impedance, free length, relaxation time, internal pressure, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow are computed and in terms of some of these excess/deviation parameters, the nature of molecular interactions is predicted in the binary mixtures. An evaluation of velocities and viscosities using three different empirical theories is also attempted at all the three temperatures.

2. Experimental Section

Benzyl benzoate (BB) and cyclohexanone (CH) used in the present study were the AR grade products from LOBA Chemicals, India, and were purified by standard methods described in the literature [17–19]. The mass fraction purity of liquids obtained is >0.995. Before use, the chemicals were stored over 0.4 nm molecular sieves approximately for 72 h to remove water content and degassed and latter kept in air tight bottles. The mass measurements are performed with a METTLER TOLEDO (Switzerland make) AB135-S/FACT digital balance with an accuracy of ±0.01 mg. The uncertainty in the mole fraction is 10⁻⁴. The ultrasonic velocity of pure liquids and their binary mixtures has been measured by using a multifrequency ultrasonic interferometer (M-82 model) supplied by Mittal Enterprises, New Delhi, at a fixed frequency of 2 MHz with an accuracy of ±0.2%. The temperature of liquid sample in the interferometer cell is maintained constant by circulating water pumped from constant temperature water bath. In the present study, the constant temperature water bath (digital electronic) supplied by Concord Instruments Co., Ltd., Chennai (RAAGA type), has been used. The instrument can maintain temperature to ±0.01 K as per its specifications.

Densities and viscosities of pure liquids and liquid solutions are determined using 5 cm³ two stem double walled Parker & Parker-type pycnometer [20] and Ostwald viscometer which is standardized as described by Naidu and Prasad [21] using triply distilled water, respectively. The estimated accuracy in measuring the density is 3 in 10⁵ parts. The uncertainty in the viscosity measurement is ±0.2%. The detailed description of measurement of density and viscosity is discussed in our previous papers [22–25]. The densities, velocities, and viscosities of pure liquids in this investigation at temperature of 308.15 K, 313.15 K, and 318.15 K are compiled in Table 1 together with the literature data [15, 26] available. These results are found to be in good agreement with reported data.

3. Results and Discussion

The measured values of density, velocity, and viscosity and the calculated values of molar volume, isentropic compressibility, free length, acoustic impedance, internal pressure, relaxation time, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow are calculated using standard relations and are presented in Table 2 with mole fraction of cyclohexanone in benzyl benzoate. In the present investigation, the values of and increase and those of and decrease as the mole fraction increases. The variation of ultrasonic speed in a solution depends upon the increase or decrease of after mixing the components. This is due to the fact that ultrasonic speed increases if the intermolecular free length decreases and vice versa. The decrease in the values of and with mole fraction in the present study indicates significant interactions between CH and BB molecules.

Study of deviation/excess properties plays vital role in the study of molecular interactions. The nonlinear variation of excess/deviation properties with mole fraction of BB is responsible for nonideality in the systems of binary liquid mixture [15]. The factors responsible for such departure from ideality may either be due to the presence of intermolecular forces between the constituents in the mixture or due to compound formation between solute and solvent, or as a result of association of either to form complex molecules [27]. These excess parameters throw light upon the strength of interaction and their variation with mole fraction finds application in typifying the physicochemical behaviour of liquid mixtures [28].

The deviation/excess properties have been calculated using the relation where represent deviation/excess value of the parameter, is the experimental value of the parameter of liquid mixture, and is the ideal value of the parameter computed theoretically. The is excess molar volume, is excess specific acoustic impedance, is deviation in isentropic compressibility, is excess intermolecular free length, is excess internal pressure, is excess enthalpy, is excess Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow, is deviation in viscosity, and is deviation in velocity.

The deviation in isentropic compressibility has been calculated from where , and , are the volume fractions and isentropic compressibilities of components 1 and 2, respectively. Since is not additive on mole fraction but is additive on volume fraction, hence such values are calculated using volume fraction : The excess/deviation properties have been fitted to a Redlich-Kister-type polynomial equation [29]: where is the mole fraction of CH and for evaluating , is replaced by volume fraction and are the adjustable parameters of the function and are determined using the least square method. In the present investigation “” values taken are from 0 to 4. The corresponding standard deviations were calculated using the expression where “” is the total number of experimental points and “” is the number of coefficients in (4). The calculated values of the coefficients along with the standard deviations are given in Table 3.

Figure 1 represents the variation of excess molar volume with mole fraction of CH. The sign of depends upon the contraction and expansion of volume of the liquids due to mixing. The excess molar volume is the resultant contribution from several opposing effects, namely, chemical, physical, and structural [30]. The chemical or specific interactions result in volume contractions, leading to negative excess molar volume, and these include charge-transfer complexes, dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole interactions and formation of H-bonding between component molecules. The physical interactions or nonspecific interactions are weak and these include breaking of the structure of one or both of the components in a solution, that is, the loss of dipolar association between the molecules (dispersion forces), steric hindrance of the molecules and H-bond rupture, and stretching of self-associated molecules (like alcohols). The structural contributions are mostly negative and arise from several effects such as interstitial accommodation and geometrical fitting of one component into another due to the differences in the molar volume and free volume between components. In the present investigation, the sign of is found to be negative over the entire composition range.

The nature of existing interaction in a binary liquid can also be analysed by knowing their individual chemical and physical properties. It is well known that BB and CH are polar and their dipole moment values follow: = 3.25 D > = 2.06 D. In the present study, possibility of Keesom dipole-dipole van der Waals forces which arise due to the dipole moment of the components gives strong interactions leading to negative values of [31]. Moreover, the liquids BB and CH lack hydroxyl groups; hence the possibility for formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds is trifling. Further, the molar volumes of CH and BB are 10.4459 and 19.0428 (×10⁻⁵ m³mol⁻¹), respectively, at 308.15 K. This implies that geometrical fitting of smaller molecules into the voids created by the bigger molecules is most favorable. The values in binary mixture are thereby decreased with increasing temperature. Negative values indicate strong interactions following the order . According to Rastogi et al. [32], such behaviour may arise due to the fact that, as temperature increases, thermal energy activates the molecule; this would increase the rate of association of unlike molecules. Similar type of trend was observed by Baragi et al. [33] in methyl cyclohexane with alkanes.

The strong molecular interactions in the presented binary system are well reflected in the properties of partial molar volumes. The partial molar volumes of component 1 (CH) and of component 2 (BB) in the mixtures have been calculated by using the following equations: where and are the molar volumes of the pure components of CH and BB, respectively. By differentiating (4) and then rearranging one can get the following equations for and .

The derivates in the above equations are obtained by differentiating Redlich-Kister equation (8) which leads to the following equations for and : The excess partial molar volumes are then given by The values of and are tabulated in Table 4. This table reproduces the values of and for both the components in the mixtures are smaller than their individual molar volumes in the pure state; this indicates that shrinkage of volume takes place on mixing CH with BB. Figures 2 and 3 represent the disparity of excess partial molar volumes of and , respectively, in the binary mixture. Examination of these figures not only reveals the existence of strong forces between the unlike molecules but also supports the deductions drawn from excess molar volume.

The partial molar volumes and excess partial molar volumes of the components at infinite dilution,, , , and , respectively, were obtained by putting in (7) and in (8): The pertinent values of , , , and are reported in Table 5. This table shows that these values are negative, from which we conclude that strong interactions exist among the unlike molecules of the mixtures, which support the trends of values observed in these mixtures.

Figures 4 and 5 represent the deviation in isentropic compressibility and excess intermolecular free length , respectively. These values are found to be negative for the system under investigation at all temperatures. The nature of , plays vivacious role in assessing the compactness due to molecular rearrangement. The extent of molecular interactions in liquid mixtures may be due to charge transfer, dipole-induced-dipole, dipole-dipole interactions, and interstitial accommodation, leading to more compact structure making and negative. The values of the excess functions , depend upon several physical and/or chemical contributions [34–37]. The physical contribution consists of dispersion forces or weak dipole-dipole interaction that leads to positive values of and . Another factor, which involves a physical contribution, is the geometrical effect allowing the fitting of molecules of two different sizes into each other’s structure resulting in negative , values. The strength of the interactions increases with temperatures as observed from more negative values of the excess parameters. They are negative throughout and become more negative at all concentrations as the temperature is increased. In heteromolecular interaction between the component molecules of the mixtures, Fort and Moore [38] found that the negative value of excess compressibility indicates greater interaction between the components of the mixtures due to the formation of hydrogen bond. Thus the negative values for binary mixtures indicate strong interactions between BB and CH.

According to Singh et al. [39], negative values of excess intermolecular free length indicate that sound waves cover longer distances due to decrease in intermolecular free length ascribing the dominant nature of hydrogen bond interaction between unlike molecules. Fort and Moore indicated that the positive values of excess free length should be attributed to the dispersive forces, and negative excess values should be due to hydrogen bond formation or dipole-dipole interactions between solute and solvent. In the present study the negative contribution in all the systems prevails in the existence of greater interactions. Nain et al. [40] also concluded a similar observation. From Figure 6, the excess values of are found to be positive for the system at all temperatures under investigation. According to Kondaiah and Rao [41], the nature of the positive values of is attributed to specific interaction between the heteromolecules. This further supports our earlier finding.

The variations of excess internal pressure and excess enthalpy are presented in Figures 7 and 8 for the present system at all the three temperatures, respectively. From these figures it is observed that is negative and is positive over the entire composition range of CH. In accordance with Kondaiah et al. [42], the negative values of indicate the existence of strong specific interactions and according to Kumar and Rao [43], positive value of suggests strong bonding and exothermic reactions. Thus, it can be concluded that strong specific interactions are operative in the systems investigated. These conclusions support our earlier findings of strong interactions. The variation of excess Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow with mole fraction of CH has been presented in Figure 9 at all temperatures. These values are positive over the entire range of composition of CH. According to Iloukhani et al. [44, 45], negative values of indicate the presence of weak physical forces such as dispersive forces in the system. On the other hand positive values of it suggest strong specific interactions. This also supports the conclusions drawn from our earlier findings.

According to Fort and Moore [46], deviation in viscosity tends to become more positive as the strength of the interaction increases. The deviation in viscosity variation gives a qualitative estimation of the strength of the intermolecular interactions. The deviation in viscosities may be generally explained by considering the following factors. (i) The difference in size and shape of the component molecules and the loss of dipolar association in pure component may contribute to a decrease in viscosity and (ii) specific interactions between unlike components such as hydrogen bond formation or dipole-dipole interactions or charge-transfer complexes may cause increase in viscosity in mixtures compared to in pure components [47]. The former effect produces negative deviation in viscosity and latter effect produces positive deviation in viscosity. A perusal of Figure 10 shows that the values of are positive for the present system at three temperatures. The positive values decrease with increasing temperature. The positive values indicate specific interactions while the negative values indicate dispersion forces [48–50]. In the present investigation, the positive values of all binary systems may be attributed to the dipole-dipole interactions. The sign and magnitude of play important roles in describing molecular rearrangements as a result of molecular interactions occurring among the component molecules in the mixtures. The excess ultrasonic speed with mole fraction of CH is shown in Figure 11. Here we observed that the values are positive for all binary systems over the entire range of composition at all the studied temperatures. Positive deviations indicate the increasing strength of interaction between component molecules of binary liquid mixtures. According to Reddy et al. [51], strong interactions among the components of a mixture lead to the formation of molecular aggregates and more compact structures; then sound will travel faster through the mixture by means of longitudinal waves and hence the ultrasonic speed deviations with respect to a linear behaviour will be positive while if the structure-breaking factor in the mixture predominates resulting expansion, then the speed of sound through the mixture will be slower resulting in negative deviation in the speed of sound. According to Ali et al. [52], more positive values mean much more strong interactions between the molecules. Therefore, based on the above references for the present scenario, interactions are found to be in the order ; this again emphasizes our view regarding the interaction between CH and BB.

In the present study, theoretical sound velocities have been evaluated by considering CH as one component and BB as the other component in the binary mixture at all the three temperatures. Such an evaluation of theoretical sound velocity is useful to verify the applicability of various assumes of the theories of liquid mixtures and to arrive at some useful implications regarding the (strength of) molecular interactions between component liquids in some cases. The theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity obtained using various theories along with the experimental velocity and percentage deviation are summarized in Table 6. Nomoto [53] established the following relation for sound velocity based on the supposition of the linearity of the molecular sound velocity and the additives of molar volume: Van Dael [54] obtained the ideal mixture relation The impedance dependence relation used by Baluja and Parsania [55] is given below: where is mole fractions, is molecular weight, is the molar sound speed, and is acoustic impedance of CH and BB, respectively, at three temperatures.

Percentage deviation in ultrasonic speed is given by

On observing Table 6, among all the empirical theories, Nomoto’s relation gives the best estimate of experimental values of sound velocity in the system followed by impedance’s relation. In the present binary systems, the difference between experimental and theoretical velocities is greater where the mole fraction of CH varies in the region 0.4 to 0.7. Hence it can be qualitatively inferred that the strength of interaction in the binary mixtures is more in this range of composition of binary mixtures.

The dynamic viscosities of the liquid mixtures have been calculated using the several empirical relations.

Grunberg and Nissan [56] proposed the following equation for the measurement of viscosity of liquid mixtures: where is an interaction parameter and it is the function of components 1, 2 and temperature.

Hind et al. [57] suggested an equation for the viscosity of binary liquid mixtures as where is an interaction parameter and is attributed to unlike pair interaction.

Katti and Chaudhri [58] proposed the following equation: where is an interaction parameter.

The theoretical viscosity values using (15) to (17) along with the percentage error are compiled in Table 7. The evaluated values of parameters , , and and standard deviations (10⁻³kg⁻¹s⁻¹) are presented in Table 8. The estimated values of σ are indicating that the viscosities are well correlated by all the three viscosity models. Prolongo et al. [59] reported positive values of interaction parameters corresponding to systems with negative excess molar volumes. This is consistent with our results. Among all of these models, the viscosity representations obtained from the Hind model are in best agreement with the experimental viscosity data.

4. Conclusions

(i)Ultrasonic velocities, densities, and viscosities for binary liquids of CH with BB are determined experimentally at T = 308.15 K, 313.15 K, and 318.15 K over the entire composition range.(ii)The values of , , , , , , , and are calculated from experimental results at all three temperatures. The excess/deviation properties are fitted to Redlich-Kister-type polynomial and corresponding standard deviations are evaluated. The observed negative values of , ,, and and positive values of , , , , and for all the liquid mixtures studied clearly indicate dipole-dipole-type interactions and the geometrical fitting of molecules leading to strong molecular interactions between CH and BB. These strong interactions increase with temperature.(iii)The values of , and , are calculated from experimental data. The observed lower partial molar volumes in the liquid mixture when compared to the respective molar volumes of pure components indicate that strong interactions present in the system support the trends of values very well.(iv)The ultrasonic velocities/viscosities computed from three different velocity/viscosity theories were correlated with the experimentally measured ultrasonic velocities and their percentage deviations were evaluated. Among all the empirical theories Nomoto’s velocity/Hind viscosity relation gives the best estimate of experimental values of sound velocity/viscosity in the system at all temperatures.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

Sk. Md Nayeem is highly thankful to U.G.C., New Delhi, and Government of India for sanction of financial grant under XII Plan towards MRP (MRP-4671/14(SERO/UGC)).

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Copyright © 2014 Sk. Md Nayeem et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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