Association of Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux with Metabolic Syndrome Parameters in Patients with Endocrine Disease

Nomura, Masatoshi; Tashiro, Naotaka; Watanabe, Tetsuhiro; Hirata, Akie; Abe, Ichiro; Okabe, Taijiro; Takayanagi, Ryoichi

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/863206

International Scholarly Research Notices

On this page

Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2014 | Article ID 863206 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/863206

Association of Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux with Metabolic Syndrome Parameters in Patients with Endocrine Disease

Masatoshi Nomura,¹Naotaka Tashiro,¹Tetsuhiro Watanabe,¹Akie Hirata,²Ichiro Abe,¹Taijiro Okabe,¹and Ryoichi Takayanagi¹

Academic Editor: G. Barbaro, V. Savarino

Received14 Nov 2013

Accepted11 Dec 2013

Published30 Jan 2014

Abstract

Background. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and obesity are known risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which is often found in patients with endocrine disorders, such as thyroid dysfunction and hypopituitarism. To clarify the relationship of endocrine disease with GERD, we investigated the symptoms of GERD in patients with various endocrine diseases. Methods. Patients with various endocrine disorders who visited Kyushu University Hospital were included. GERD symptoms were examined using a self-administered questionnaire, the frequency scale for the symptoms of GERD (FSSG). Metabolic parameters, including body-mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides, and values of endocrine function, including thyroid stimulating hormone, free thyroxin, cortisol, and insulin-like growth factor-1, were assessed. Results. A total of 111 consecutive patients were recruited for the study. Among these, 18 (16.2%) patients were considered to have GERD. Among the parameters, BMI () and triglycerides () showed a positive association and HDL-C () showed an inverse association with the FSSG score. However, none of the endocrine values were associated with the FSSG score. Conclusion. Symptoms of GERD in patients with endocrine disorders might be attributed to MetS as comorbidity.

1. Introduction

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities defined as the presence of three or more of the following factors: abdominal obesity (increased waist circumference), elevated triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, high blood pressure, and high fasting plasma glucose levels [1]. MetS is a high risk factor for cardiovascular and other atherosclerotic diseases [2]. Obesity has been implicated in various gastrointestinal diseases, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The prevalence of GERD has been increasing worldwide [3], and adversely affects health-related quality of life [4]. Dyspepsia is usually defined as upper abdominal pain or retrosternal pain, discomfort, belching, abdominal bloating, nausea, or other symptoms considered to have arisen from the upper alimentary tract. Reflux symptoms (RS), such as heartburn and regurgitation, are regarded as typical symptoms of GERD. However, it is reported that other dyspeptic symptoms are also common in patients with nonerosive GERD [5, 6]. Therefore, GERD is also associated with dyspeptic manifestations other than RS. Dyspeptic symptoms that respond to proton pump inhibitors are classified as acid-related dyspepsia (ARD) [7]. Because a complex of RS with or without mucosal damage and/or complications are observed in GERD [8], its diagnosis requires accurate determination of symptoms. The majority of patients with typical RS have no evidence of erosive esophagitis [9], and nonerosive GERD is a difficult disorder to diagnose because even typical RS depend on the patient’s description and are difficult to define in certain populations. To overcome these difficulties, Kusano et al. developed a questionnaire, the Frequency Scale for the Symptoms of GERD (FSSG) [10]. The FSSG contains 12 symptoms most commonly experienced by GERD patients, with seven of the 12 being RS and the remaining five ARD. There is a significant positive correlation between RS and ARD. GERD patients suffer not only from RS, but also from ARD [11]. FSSG has been estimated to be clinically useful for the initial diagnosis of GERD. Patients with FSSG scores of more than 8 were considered as positive.

Endocrine disorders are common, and the effects of endocrine disorders present with a wide range of clinical manifestations. Hormonal interactions among the systems throughout the body are not fully understood. Many vague clinical symptoms may in fact be manifestations of underlying endocrine disease. In fact, the gastrointestinal manifestations of common endocrine diseases may aid in the diagnosis of neuroendocrine abnormalities. For example, chronic dyspeptic symptoms, such as epigastric pain and fullness, as well as eructation, nausea, and vomiting, are frequently observed in patients with thyroid dysfunction [12]. Digestive symptoms or signs may also reveal signs of thyroid disease and, when ignored or underestimated, diagnosis may be delayed and serious consequences may occur [13]. In addition, patients with adult GH deficiency (GHD) present with features, such as abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance with MetS [14]. Therefore, GHD may cause gastrointestinal manifestations, such as GERD.

In this study, we investigated the link between endocrine parameters and GERD. To evaluate the prevalence of GERD in patients with various endocrine disorders, including MetS, we investigated the frequency of GERD as a complication in patients with endocrine diseases by using the FSSG.

2. Methods

2.1. Study Subjects

The subjects of this study were 127 consecutive patients who visited Kyushu University Hospital between April 2009 and March 2010 with various endocrine disorders. All patients had appropriate treatment. Thirty-five male and 92 female patients were enrolled. After 16 patients taking antipeptic drugs, proton pomp inhibitors, or histamine H2 blockers were excluded, 111 participants remained in the study. Diagnoses of these patients are shown in Table 2. Informed consent was obtained before the start of the study in conformity with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the study was approved by the institutional review board of Kyushu University Hospital.

2.2. Questionnaire

The FSSG questionnaire was completed by the patients. As previously reported [11], the 12 questions were divided into those covering RS and ARD symptoms, and a score for each category was examined. There is a maximum score of 48 points for the questionnaire, comprising up to 28 points for RS and 20 points for ARD symptoms. There was a significant positive correlation between RS and ARD (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient = 0.47 ()).

2.3. Anthropometry

Height, weight, and waist circumference were measured while subjects wore light clothing and no shoes. Body-mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight divided by the square of height (kg/m²). Waist circumference was measured at the midpoint between the lower border of the rib cage and the iliac crest. Blood pressure was measured at the end of the physical examination with the patient in a sitting position, and all participants were allowed at least 5 min of rest before the measurements.

2.4. Lipid and Endocrine Profiles

All measurements were obtained in the morning after overnight fasting. Total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, and triglyceride were measured with an enzymatic color test (Daiichi, Hitachi 747, Tokyo). Serum cortisol and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) levels were measured by specific radioimmunoassay. Serum free thyroxin (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were measured by ELISA.

2.5. Statistical Analysis

To investigate the contribution of metabolic syndrome and endocrine disorders to GERD symptoms, the subjects were divided into two groups: those with an FSSG score ≥ 8 and those with an FSSG score ≤ 7. Between-group comparisons were made by test for gender, -test for age, and Wilcoxon rank sum test for other variables. Because only one person had IGF-1 levels measured in the FSSG ≥ 8 group, the difference of the median of IGF-1 was not tested. Association of clinical factors with the FSSG score was assessed by linear regression analysis, and standardized partial regression coefficients were calculated. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of GERD defined by FSSG ≥ 8 for various clinical parameters. Statistical adjustment was made for sex, age (year), and diagnoses of subjects (thyroid disease, adrenal disease, acromegaly, or others) in linear regression analysis. Further BMI was adjusted in logistic regression analysis. Statistical significance was declared if two-sided value was < 0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).

3. Results

3.1. Characteristics of Subjects Enrolled in the Present Study

The study characteristics are shown in Table 1. A total of 111 consecutive patients (81 women and 30 men; age range, 38–76 years) were analyzed in this study. Since antipeptic treatment has a clear impact on the frequency and intensity of GERD symptoms, patients taking antipeptic drugs, proton pomp inhibitors, or histamine H2 blockers were excluded. Of these, 18 (17.3%) patients were considered to have GERD according to the criteria for the FSSG. The diagnoses of the patients and the number of the patients with FSSG ≥ 8 are summarized in Table 2. The patients were diagnosed with endocrine diseases, such as Cushing’s syndrome (), adrenal insufficiency (), Basedow’s disease (), hypothyroidism (), acromegaly (), nonfunctioning adrenal tumor (), and simple obesity (). Patients in this study were properly treated as indicated by the interquartile range in Table 1.

3.2. Contribution of Metabolic and Endocrine Parameters to GERD Symptoms

Comparisons of each parameter between the groups are shown in Table 3. Triglyceride levels in patients with an FSSG score ≥ 8 were significantly higher than those in patients with an FSSG score ≤ 7 (). Diastolic blood pressure was significantly lower in the FSSG score ≥ 8 group than in the FSSG score ≤ 7 group. Unexpectedly, neither free T4 nor TSH was significantly different between the FSSG score groups.

To investigate the relationship between each parameter and FSSG scores, multiple regression analysis was performed. Table 4 shows the results of the association between FSSG score and various metabolic parameters, serum chemistry, and hormonal values. After adjusting for sex, age and diagnoses of subjects, among metabolic parameters, BMI and waist circumference showed a positive correlation with RS scores but not with ARD scores. However, blood pressure showed no significant association. Among serum chemistry, triglyceride and HDL-C levels showed a positive and inverse association with RS and ARD scores. Notably, all of these parameters, BMI, triglyceride, and HDL-C values, are diagnostic factors for metabolic syndrome. Uric acid showed a positive correlation with RS. Because BMI is strongly and positively related to the frequency of symptoms of GERD [15], the variables were further adjusted for BMI. Triglyceride and HDL-C levels showed a positive and inverse association with the RS and ARD scores. However, uric acid no longer showed a significant association ( for RS 0.27), suggesting that uric acid value is closely associated with BMI. These results are consistent with the previous observation that the prevalence of GERD is higher in subjects with metabolic syndrome [16]. None of the endocrine values, including serum cortisol, free T4, TSH, and IGF-1 levels, showed a significant association with the FSSG score.

The associations of metabolic and endocrine parameters and the risk of the manifestation of GERD symptoms were also analyzed. The OR of the prevalence of GERD, assessed by the FSSG score, in those who had hypertriglycemia was 5.85 compared with that in subjects who had a triglyceride level below 150 mg/dL (Table 5). Low HDL-C levels increased the OR up to 23.06. In contrast, hyperthyroidism (free T4 ≥ 1.27 ng/mL), hypothyroidism (TSH ≥ 1.28 ng/mL), and hypercortisolemia (cortisol ≥ 9.5 μg/dL) did not increase the OR.

4. Discussion

In this study, we investigated the association between the FSSG score and endocrine values, as well as MetS parameters in patients with various endocrine disorders. We found that BMI, triglyceride, and HDL-C levels were associated with the FSSG score. Interestingly, all these factors are diagnostic factors for MetS, indicating that the FSSG score may be a reliable factor for the prediction of MetS. The prevalence of MetS is closely related to age and BMI. Therefore, to determine whether there was a significant association between the FSSG score and MetS parameters, the variables were adjusted for BMI in addition to age and sex. Interestingly, triglyceride levels were significantly associated with the FSSG score. An interesting finding of this study was that, among the individual components of MetS, elevated serum triglyceride levels were an independent predictive factor for GERD. Visceral adipose tissue is a precursor to increased lipolysis and free fatty acids, leading to insulin resistance, which is regarded as a primary factor in the mechanisms of MetS [17, 18]. Visceral adipose tissue is also metabolically active and is strongly associated with elevated serum levels of proinflammatory adipokines, including interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and adiponectin, which may play a role in the development of GERD [19, 20]. Such humoral factors from visceral fat tissue might alter the lower esophageal sphincter pressure or affect esophageal clearance of refluxate [16]. It is interesting to know whether such humoral factors change in the condition of endocrine diseases.

In this study, the patients with various endocrine diseases were enrolled. We therefore adjusted the variables by diagnoses of the subjects to exclude heterogeneity that may affect the results. After adjustment by diagnoses of subjects, we still found that there was no significant association between hormonal values and the FSSG score. These results suggested that endocrine values themselves are not directly associated with GERD symptoms as long as they are within normal limits. The prevalence of MetS in GHD patents is known to be higher than that in the general population [21]. However, replacement therapy of GH does not affect the prevalence of MetS [22]. These results indicate that baseline MetS status and visceral obesity are strong predictors of MetS after GH treatment in GHD patients. Therefore, it is reasonable that IGF-1 levels did not show any association with GERD in this study, although the subject number was limited. Thyroid interactions with the gastrointestinal system have been widely reported [23]. In addition, gastrointestinal motor dysfunction has been widely accepted as the main cause of symptoms; however, many complex phenomena have not yet been completely elucidated [24]. In the present study, the FSSG score showed no association with thyroid parameters, free T4, or TSH. Dysthyroidism, whether in excess or deficiency, has clinical manifestations within different portions of the digestive tract and viscera. Whether these are related to hormone level disturbances alone or are associated with a specific thyroid disease is unknown [25], and the underlying pathophysiology is often complex and has not yet been fully determined. Our results suggest that dysthyroidism may not be associated with GERD symptoms.

A limitation of this study was that participants had not performed upper endoscopy. The recent study has shown that obesity also represents an important risk factor for nonerosive GERD with acid exposure [26]. Although there was a significant correlation between RS and ARD score in this study, in agreement with a previous report [27], a further analysis by an upper endoscopy will be required.

In conclusion, BMI, triglyceride, and HDL-cholesterol are associated with the symptoms of GERD in patients with endocrine disease. Endocrine values, including cortisol, IGF-1, and thyroid hormone, are not associated with the FSSG score. These findings suggest that GERD symptoms in patients with endocrine disorders might be attributed to MetS as comorbidity. Therefore, an intervention of MetS should be considered for the treatment of GERD symptoms in patients with endocrine disorders.

Conflict of Interests

There is no conflict of interests.

Authors’ Contribution

Masatoshi Nomura and Naotaka Tashiro contributed equally to the paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank K. Goto and T. Yanase for their helpful discussion. This work was supported in part by a JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) 23591356 to Masatoshi Nomura and (B) 23390247 to Ryoichi Takayanagi. The work of Masatoshi Nomura was supported by a grant from the Medical Research Encouragement Prize of The Japan Medical Association.

References

Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults, “Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III),” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 285, no. 19, pp. 2486–2497, 2001.
View at: Google Scholar
M. A. Cornier, D. Dabelea, T. L. Hernandez et al., “The metabolic syndrome,” Endocrine Reviews, vol. 29, no. 7, pp. 777–822, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Sharma, S. Wani, Y. Romero, D. Johnson, and F. Hamilton, “Racial and geographic issues in gastroesophageal reflux disease,” American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 103, no. 11, pp. 2669–2680, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. Wiklund, “Review of the quality of life and burden of illness in gastroesophageal reflux disease,” Digestive Diseases, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 108–114, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. M. Quigley, “Review article: gastric emptying in functional gastrointestinal disorders,” Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol. 20, supplement 7, pp. 56–60, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
G. Shi, S. Bruley des Varannes, C. Scarpignato, M. Le Rhun, and J.-P. Galmiche, “Reflux related symptoms in patients with normal oesophageal exposure to acid,” Gut, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 457–464, 1995.
View at: Google Scholar
R. H. Jones and G. Baxter, “Lansoprazole 30 mg daily versus ranitidine 150 mg b.d. in the treatment of acid-related dyspepsia in general practice,” Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 541–546, 1997.
View at: Google Scholar
N. Vakil, S. V. van Zanten, P. Kahrilas et al., “The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a global evidence-based consensus,” American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 101, no. 8, pp. 1900–1943, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Ronkainen, P. Aro, T. Storskrubb et al., “High prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms and esophagitis with or without symptoms in the general adult Swedish population: a Kalixanda study report,” Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 275–285, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Kusano, Y. Shimoyama, S. Sugimoto et al., “Development and evaluation of FSSG: frequency scale for the symptoms of GERD,” Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 39, no. 9, pp. 888–891, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Kusano, Y. Shimoyama, O. Kawamura et al., “Proton pump inhibitors improve acid-related dyspepsia in gastroesophageal reflux disease patients,” Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 1673–1677, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. H. Hoogendoorn and B. M. Cools, “Hyperthyroidism as a cause of persistent vomiting,” Netherlands Journal of Medicine, vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 293–296, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
H. Noto, T. Mitsuhashi, S. Ishibashi, and S. Kimura, “Hyperthyroidism presenting as dysphagia,” Internal Medicine, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 472–473, 2000.
View at: Google Scholar
G. Johannsson and B.-Å. Bengtsson, “Growth hormone and the metabolic syndrome,” Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 41–46, 1999.
View at: Google Scholar
L. Murray, B. Johnston, A. Lane et al., “Relationship between body mass and gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms: the Bristol Helicobacter Project,” International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 645–650, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. J. Chung, D. Kim, M. J. Park et al., “Metabolic syndrome and visceral obesity as risk factors for reflux oesophagitis: a cross-sectional case-control study of 7078 Koreans undergoing health check-ups,” Gut, vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 1360–1365, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. B. Carr, K. M. Utzschneider, R. L. Hull et al., “Intra-abdominal fat is a major determinant of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for the metabolic syndrome,” Diabetes, vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 2087–2094, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Xu, G. T. Barnes, Q. Yang et al., “Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 112, no. 12, pp. 1821–1830, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Watanabe, M. Hojo, and A. Nagahara, “Metabolic syndrome and gastrointestinal diseases,” Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 267–274, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Barak, E. D. Ehrenpreis, J. R. Harrison, and M. D. Sitrin, “Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in obesity: pathophysiological and therapeutic considerations,” Obesity Reviews, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 9–15, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Verhelst, A. F. Mattsson, A. Luger et al., “Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in 2479 hypopituitary patients with adult-onset GH deficiency before GH replacement: a KIMS analysis,” European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 165, no. 6, pp. 881–889, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. F. Attanasio, D. Mo, E. M. Erfurth et al., “Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adult hypopituitary growth hormone (GH)-deficient patients before and after GH replacement,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 95, no. 1, pp. 74–81, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Daher, T. Yazbeck, J. B. Jaoude, and B. Abboud, “Consequences of dysthyroidism on the digestive tract and viscera,” World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 15, no. 23, pp. 2834–2838, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Pfaffenbach, R. J. Adamek, D. Hagelmann, J. Schaffstein, and M. Wegener, “Effect of hyperthyroidism on antral myoelectrical activity, gastric emptying and dyspepsia in man,” Hepato-Gastroenterology, vol. 44, no. 17, pp. 1500–1508, 1997.
View at: Google Scholar
M. A. Blank, A. B. R. Thomson, A. Leung, and F. Lanza, “Simultaneous occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease and thyroid disease,” American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 96, no. 6, pp. 1925–1926, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Savarino, P. Zentilin, E. Marabotto et al., “Overweight is a risk factor for both erosive and non-erosive reflux disease,” Digestive and Liver Disease, vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 940–945, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Savarino, D. Pohl, P. Zentilin et al., “Functional heartburn has more in common with functional dyspepsia than with non-erosive reflux disease,” Gut, vol. 58, no. 9, pp. 1185–1191, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2014 Masatoshi Nomura et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

7220

Downloads

1123

Citations