Abstract
To reduce the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) after radical cystectomy, a new closing method using subcutaneous continuous aspiration drain was developed and compared to the conventional closing method. The new method involved (a) closed aspiration with an indwelling aspiration drain without suture of the subcutaneous fat and (b) covering with hydrocolloid wound dressing after suture of the dermis with 4-0 absorbable thread and reinforcement using strips. The incidence of SSI was significantly improved by using the new method. Furthermore, univariate and multivariate analysis associated with SSI revealed that the new closing method was statistically correlated with 85% reduction of SSI (odds ratio: 0.15, 95% confidence interval: 0.03–0.69).Our new method using continuous aspiration with subcutaneous drain is useful for preventing SSI through removal of effusions and reduction of dead space by apposition of the subcutaneous fat.
1. Introduction
Surgical site infection (SSI) continues to be one of the most common complications in conventional abdominal surgery, with the incidence of infected wounds after radical cystectomy ranging from 2.9 to 46.0% [1–5]. Although use of a subcutaneous continuous suction drainage system has been suggested to help prevent SSI, it is mainly used in the colorectal and gynecological fields [6–8], and the effects of prophylactic subcutaneous drainage are not well studied in radical cystectomy. Although we have practiced strict infection control with measures such as diligent hand washing before surgery, short-term administration of single antibiotics, application of dressings directly after surgery, and use of quick-drying alcoholic agents according to guidelines [9, 10], these measures have not resulted in sufficient control of SSI at our hospital. Therefore, in our hospital, from January 2010, we have changed the method of closing surgical wounds in radical cystectomy from the conventional method to a combination of subcuticular suture and continuous subcutaneous drain. The present investigation was performed to evaluate the efficacy of these interventions for the prevention of SSI.
2. Patients and Methods
We retrospectively studied 90 patients who underwent radical cystectomy in the Department of Urology at Anjou Kosei Hospital of the Aichi Prefecture Welfare Association from 2002 to 2012. The subjects of this review were 63 patients with conventional surgical wound closure (conventional method), that is, knotted sutures of absorbable thread for the subcutaneous fat followed by knotted sutures of nylon thread, from 2002 to 2009 (Figure 1(a)) and 27 patients with closure by the new method as described below from January 2010 to 2012 (Figure 1(b)). The new method involved (a) closed aspiration with an indwelling aspiration drain (10Fr J-VAC Blake silicon drain: Ethicon, Somerville, NJ) without suture of the subcutaneous fat (Figures 2(a) and 2(b)) and (b) covering with hydrocolloid wound dressing (Karayahesive: ALCARE, Tokyo, Japan) after suture of the dermis with 4-0 absorbable thread and reinforcement using strips (Steri strips: sumitomo3M, Tokyo, Japan) (Figures 2(c) and 2(d)).
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In all patients, clinical pathways were used, and cefotiam hexetil hydrochloride (second generation of cephem) was administered via an intravenous route for prophylactic antibiotic medication 30 min before initiation of surgery, followed by dripping of the antibiotics 3–6 h later. Antibiotics were given three times on the day of surgery and for three days after surgery. Radical cystectomy was performed with pelvic lymphadenectomy according to the standard procedures in both groups. Briefly, patients were placed in the supine position and a midline lower abdominal 15–20 cm incision was made. The method of diversion with either an ileal conduit or ileal neobladder was selected according to the patient’s preference and medical reasons. All operations were performed in the standard aseptic manner. The wound was protected with Karayahesive for 7 days. The drain was maintained with continuous bulb suction and removed 48 h after surgery. The primary goal of this study was to investigate wound complication rates in both groups and, thus, to evaluate the efficacy of interventions for the prevention of SSI. The assessment of SSI was based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guideline [9]. SSI was defined as a wound with purulent drainage or symptoms (e.g., tenderness, erythema, and swelling) within 30 postoperative days. Incisional SSI at dermis or subcuticular tissue was referred to as superficial SSI, SSI at deep level of subcuticular tissue was referred to as deep SSI, and SSI in abdominal cavity or organ was referred to as organ/space SSI. Patient characteristics and variables included age, gender, body mass index, thickness of subcutaneous fat, prevalence of diabetes mellitus, smoking habit, length of operation, intraoperative blood loss, difference in urinary diversion, and method of wound closure. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses for risk factor of SSI were conducted for all 90 patients who underwent radical cystectomy. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients were fully informed of the disease, operative procedures, and complications and were required to sign a written informed consent form. The operative procedures were approved by the ethics committee of Anjo Kosei Hospital.
3. Statistical Analyses
The demographic variables were calculated and tabulated to compare between patients who underwent conventional and new closing methods. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, and mean values of continuous variables were compared between groups using Student’s or Welch’s -test. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the incidence of SSI after radical cystectomy. All the statistical analyses were performed for crude as well as age- and gender-adjusted models. All statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Analysis system, version 9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC), and significance was defined as .
4. Results
The clinical characteristics of all entry patients are listed in Table 1. There were no significant differences in the risk factors for SSI between the conventional method and new method groups, namely, in age, gender, body mass index, thickness of subcutaneous fat, prevalence of diabetes mellitus, smoking habit, operation time, amount of bleeding, difference in urinary diversion, and method of wound closure (Table 1). Of the 63 patients who underwent the conventional method, the incidence of SSI was 34.9% (22 patients), whereas the incidence was 7.4% (2 of 27 patients) in patients who underwent the new method (Table 1). Risk factors for development of SSI were evaluated by univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. Ten variables were used for analyses, and the conventional method was found to be the only risk factor of SSI. Compared to the conventional method, the OR of the new method for SSI was 0.15 (95% CI: 0.03–0.69) by univariate analysis and 0.14 (95% CI: 0.03–0.69) by multivariate analysis (Table 2).
5. Discussion
Radical cystectomy is the treatment of choice for patients with invasive bladder cancer. The surgical routine of this procedure has improved and even less invasive laparoscopic techniques can now be applied; nonetheless, it remains a procedure with significant morbidity and potentially life-threatening complications. The morbidity of radical cystectomy is clearly lower than in previous decades; however, one of the common complications is SSI [11, 12]. The occurrence of SSI leads to longer hospital stays after surgery, and the quality of life of the patients is diminished. In addition, SSI is correlated with the escalation of health expenditure [13]; therefore, the reduction of SSI after radical cystectomy is an important clinical and economical issue.
Subcutaneous drain removes effusions and reduces dead space. The beneficial effect of subcutaneous drains has also been shown in some studies [6, 7], although in others there was no beneficial effect [14, 15]. In addition, the closing procedures besides using subcutaneous drainage system were various. We established a new method by combining subcutaneous drain and dermal suture, including hydrocolloid wound dressing, and obtained good results. In addition, Blake silicon drain is made of soft fluted silicone and has a wide surface area with four channels along the drain. Wide suction area results in low suction and pressure which may minimize damage to subcutaneous fat. According to the CDC guideline, it is recommended that removal of the drain should be performed as soon as possible. However, there is no consensus concerning the time of removal of subcutaneous drain. We removed the subcutaneous drain 48 h after operation, and as a result only 7.4% patients had SSI. It is difficult to define whether a single procedure could primarily contribute to a decrease in SSI rate; however, all of these factors may contribute to better patient outcome.
Various risk factors for incisional SSI have been reported, including obesity [8, 15, 16]. However, obesity (BMI ≥ 25) was not found to be a risk factor for SSI in our study. Subcutaneous fatty tissue is known to accumulate more in the infraumbilical area than in other abdominal regions, leading some gynecologists to accept the thickness of the subcutaneous fat, rather than BMI [17, 18]. However, the effect of obliteration of subcutaneous dead space in patients with tissue thickness >20 mm on prevention of SSI is controversial. In our study, subcutaneous tissue thickness was not demonstrated to be a risk factor. Therefore, further investigation is needed to clarify this.
SSI is among the leading causes. Therefore, based on these findings, the Dutch hospital patient safety program (DHPSP) was developed [19]. The DHPSP included a bundle to prevent the development of SSI, and the effect of improved discipline is now generally recognized as an important aspect [12, 20, 21]. This study was basically conducted in a retrospective manner; however, new methods of management of surgical wounds have been involved in the decrease in SSI incidence, as described above. By modifying our prevention method through the use of prophylaxis according to the DHPSP and timing of drain removal, we would like to further reduce the incidence of SSI after radical cystectomy.
6. Conclusion
In this study, we developed a new method using continuous aspiration with subcutaneous drain and closure of surgical wounds with dermal sutures and demonstrated that it is useful for preventing SSI through removal of effusions and reduction of dead space by apposition of the subcutaneous fat.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no potential conflict of interests.
Authors’ Contribution
All the authors have read and approved the paper and agreed with its submission to the journal. Each author participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for appropriate portions of the content. Yasuhiko Hirose carried out the design of the study, made statistical analysis, and drafted the paper. Ryosuke Ando made critical revision of the paper. Akihiro Nakane, Toshiki Etani, and Keitaro Iida carried out the acquisition of data. Taku Naiki participated in the design of the study and performed the statistical analysis. Hidetoshi Akita and Takehiko Okamura participated in its design and coordination and helped in drafting the paper. Kenjiro Kohri made supervision of this study. All authors read and approved the final paper.