An Efficient Selectfluor-Mediated Oxidative Thio- and Selenocyanation of Diversely Substituted Indoles and Carbazoles

Abonia, Rodrigo; Gutierrez, Luisa F.; Zwarycz, Angela T.; Correa Smits, Sebastián; Laali, Kenneth K.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1459681

Heteroatom Chemistry

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Abstract Introduction Results and Discussion Conclusions Experimental Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments Supplementary Materials References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2019 | Article ID 1459681 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1459681

An Efficient Selectfluor-Mediated Oxidative Thio- and Selenocyanation of Diversely Substituted Indoles and Carbazoles

Rodrigo Abonia,¹Luisa F. Gutierrez,^1,2Angela T. Zwarycz,²Sebastián Correa Smits,²and Kenneth K. Laali²

Academic Editor: Gianluigi Broggini

Received18 Oct 2018

Accepted14 Nov 2018

Published02 Jan 2019

Abstract

A facile Selectfluor-mediated oxidative method for direct introduction of SCN and SeCN groups into diversely substituted indoles and carbazoles is described, by employing readily available thiocyanate and selenocyanate salts, and the scope of the method is underscored by providing 24 examples. The feasibility to sequentially introduce SCN followed by SeCN on a carbazole framework and to synthesize the corresponding S-tetrazole and Se-tetrazole derivatives is also demonstrated.

1. Introduction

Selectfluor,1-chloromethyl-4-fluoro-1,4-diazoniabicyclo-octane bis(tetrafluoroborate), also known as F-TEDA-BF₄) is a safe, bench stable, nontoxic, and highly reactive onium dication salt that delivers an equivalent of electrophilic or radical fluorine [1, 2]. For that reason, it is widely used in the synthesis of organofluorine compounds [3–8], but it also serves as a versatile catalyst and mediator in transformations involving oxidizable functional groups [9–13].

Aryl thio- and selenocyanates are versatile intermediates for various sulfur- and selenium-containing compounds that are of synthetic and biological interest [14–26]. Aryl thiocyanates are widely employed as building blocks in the synthesis of diverse sulfides [27, 28], thiocarbamates [29], thionitriles [30], sulfonic acids [31], sulfonyl chlorides [32], thioesters [33], and sulfonyl cyanides [31] and mainly in the synthesis and functionalization of heterocyclic compounds [25, 26, 34–40]. Particularly, selenium-containing organic compounds have recently attracted the interest of the scientific community due to their promising chemopreventive properties in connection with cancer therapy [32, 41–44], and also as antioxidant agents [45, 46].

Owing to the aforementioned chemical versatility and biological activity, functional organic compounds bearing the thiocyanato and selenocyanate derivatives are highly sought after, and over the years a number of strategies and reagents have been utilized to enable the direct introduction of SCN and SeCN moieties into organic motifs. In particular, direct oxidative thiocyanation of C-H bonds have been achieved by using thiocyanate salts in the presence of oxidizing agents such as Mn(OAc)₃ [15], NCS [47], CAN [48], hypervalent iodine reagents [49], DDQ [50], oxone [51], oxygen [52], DEAD [53], and TBHP [22]. In comparison, direct selenocyanation approaches have not been reported under similar oxidative conditions [20–26]. Therefore, developing new and broad-based protocols for direct introduction of SCN and SeCN moieties into organic structures, in particular those motifs that are important for medicinal chemistry as building blocks of pharmaceuticals, continues to be relevant.

In a limited study in 2008, Yadav et al. [54] provided examples of arene thiocyanation by using Selectfluor, but a broader investigation to determine tolerance to a wider range of substituents and to gauge efficacy in selenocyanation remained unexplored.

In connection with previous studies from our laboratory on the use of Selectfluor as a versatile mediator for generation of incipient electrophiles through oxidation [55, 56], we report here a mild and efficient Selectfluor-mediated direct thio- and selenocyanation of C-H bonds (Scheme 1), focusing mainly on diversely substituted indoles 3 and carbazoles 6. Sequential introduction of SCN and SeCN and synthesis of thio- and selenotetrazoles on a carbazole motif are also demonstrated, in preliminary studies using this chemistry.

2. Results and Discussion

Following an initial feasibility study with 2-methylfuran 1 and 2-methylindole 3a (entries 1 and 2, Table 1), we focused on the indole derivatives bearing electron-withdrawing substituents, in particular HCO, F, Br, NO₂, and CN groups.

In relation to other studies in our laboratory on the synthesis of heterocyclic curcuminoids and their antitumor properties [57], we were especially interested in the indole backbone bearing isomeric formyl substituents. Fortunately, both thio- and selenocyanation of the isomeric indole-carboxaldehydes 3b-c proved successful with the formyl group remaining intact (entries 3-5, Table 1). All other aforementioned substituents were tolerated and the corresponding SCN and SeCN derivatives were isolated in yields ranging from 96% to 57% (Table 1).

In the next phase of the study, we focused on the carbazole motif 6 (Table 2). Thus, parent carbazole 6a and its N-isopropyl derivative 6b reacted to furnish the corresponding 3-SCN and 3-SeCN derivatives (7-8)a and (7-8)b, respectively, in yields ranging from 87% to 75%. In other studies, the isolated carbazole-SCN derivatives 7a and 7b were successfully selenocyanated to produce the SCN/SeCN disubstituted derivatives 9 and 10, respectively (entries 23-24, Table 2). However, when this transformation was performed in the reverse order by subjecting the carbazole-SeCN derivatives 8a and 8b to thiocyanation conditions the corresponding seleno/thio-bis-adducts 9 and 10 could not be obtained. This is likely due to ease of oxidation of carbazole-SeCN derivative which could prevent further SCN introduction. ⁷⁷Se NMR of the indole-SeCN derivatives fall in a relatively close range irrespective of the nature of the substituents (δ 149-162 ppm). Remarkably though ⁷⁷Se chemical shifts for the carbazole-SeCN compounds 8a and 8b and the disubstituted derivatives 9 and 10 are significantly different (δ 313-317 ppm) (see experimental section and SI file available here).

Finally, by employing the chemistry we reported previously for the synthesis of tetrazoles using Cu-Zn alloy nanopowder [58], in an exploratory study we subjected the carbazole-SCN 7b and carbazole-SeCN 8b derivatives to the reaction conditions shown in Scheme 2 and successfully obtained the first examples of thio- and selenotetrazoles (11b and 12b, respectively), on a carbazole motif 6. Observation of line broadening at room temperature in the proton NMR spectra of the corresponding tetrazoles 11-12 (SI file) is indicative of a rapid 2H- to 1H-tetrazole tautomerization.

3. Conclusions

In summary, a practical and easy to perform method for oxidative thio- and selenocyanation of diversely substituted indoles 3 as well as carbazoles 6 employing Selectfluor is presented. The feasibility to sequentially introduce the SCN followed by SeCN on a carbazole motif 6 is also demonstrated, and first examples of carbazole-S-tetrazole and carbazole-Se-tetrazole derivatives (11b and 12b, respectively) are provided.

4. Experimental

4.1. General Experimental Information

The reagents employed were high-purity commercial samples and were used without further purification. Column chromatography was performed on silica gel (32–63 particle size). Melting points were measured with a MEL-TEMP apparatus and are uncorrected. Multinuclear NMR spectra (¹H, ¹³C, ¹⁹F, and ⁷⁷Se) were recorded on a Varian INOVA 500 instrument. ¹⁹F and ⁷⁷Se NMR spectra were externally referenced (relative to CFCl₃ and Me₂Se) as set by the instrument and verified by comparison with known reference samples. Some ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance 400 instrument. HRMS analyses were performed on a Finnigan Quantum ultra-AM in electrospray mode using methanol as solvent. Other HRMS spectra were recorded on a Waters Micromass AutoSpec-Ultima spectrometer (equipped with a direct inlet probe) operating at 70 eV. Additional mass spectra were run on a Shimadzu-GCMS 2010-DI-2010 spectrometer (equipped with a direct inlet probe) operating at 70 eV.

4.2. General Procedure for the Thiocyanate and Selenocyanate Products 2, 4, 5, and 7-10

For a solution of ammonium thiocyanate (107 mg, 1.5 equiv.) or potassium selenocyanate (203 mg, 1.5 equiv.) and Selectfluor® (500 mg, 1.5 equiv.) in MeCN (10 mL), the appropriated substrate 1, 3, 6, 7a, or 7b (1 equiv.) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature under inert atmosphere for 2h. After completion (monitored by TLC), the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and water was added. The aqueous solution was extracted with ethyl acetate, and the combined organic extracts were dried with anhydrous Na₂SO₄. After removal of the solvent, the crude products were purified by column chromatography using hexane: ethyl acetate (7:3) as eluent.

4.2.1. 2-Methyl-5-thiocyanatofuran (2)

Yellow oil, Rf 0.71 (15% EtOAc in hexane). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ 6.79 (d, 1H, J = 3.3 Hz), 6.12 - 6.13 (m, 1H), 2.38 (s, 3H, CH₃) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125 MHz): δ 159.4, 127.7, 123.4, 109.2, 108.8 (SCN), 14.1 (CH₃) ppm.

4.2.2. 2-Methyl-3-thiocyanato-1H-indole (4a)

Beige solid, mp 96-99°C, Rf 0.62 (30% EtOAc in hexane). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ 8.49 (bs, 1H, NH), 7.71 - 7.69 (m, 1H), 7.34 - 7.32 (m, 1H), 7.29 - 7.23 (m, 2H), 2.56 (s, 3H, CH₃) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl³, 125 MHz): δ 141.9, 135.1, 128.7, 123.0, 121.6, 118.2, 111.9, 111.2, 89.2 (SCN), 12.1 (CH₃) ppm. HRMS (ESI) m/z [M+H]⁺ calcd. for C₁₀H₉N₂S: 189.04864; found: 189.04207.

4.2.3. 3-Thiocyanato-1H-indole-4-carbaldehyde (4b)

Beige solid, mp 169-171°C, Rf 0.31 (30% EtOAc in hexane). ¹H NMR (acetone-d₆, 500 MHz): δ 11.50 (bs, 1H, NH), 10.85 (s, 1H, CHO), 8.06 (d, 1H, J = 3.5 Hz), 7.93 (dd, 1H, J = 8.0, 1.0 Hz), 7.87 (dd, 1H, J = 7.5, 1.0 Hz), 7.47 (t, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz) ppm. ¹³C NMR (acetone-d₆, 125 MHz): δ 190.6, 138.5, 134.1, 129.3, 124.9, 122.8, 119.1, 119.0, 112.0, 92.3 (SCN) ppm. HRMS (ESI) m/z [M+H]⁺ calcd. for C₁₀H₇N₂OS: 203.02791; found: 203.02448.

4.2.4. 3-Thiocyanato-1H-indole-5-carbaldehyde (4c)

White solid, mp 174-175°C, Rf 0.22 (30% EtOAc in hexane). ¹H NMR (acetone-d₆, 500 MHz): δ 11.52 (bs, 1H, NH), 10.19 (s, 1H, CHO), 8.38 (d, 1H, J = 0.7 Hz), 8.11 (d, 1H, J = 2.8 Hz), 7.88 (dd, 1H, J = 8.5, 1.5 Hz), 7.76 (d, 1H, J = 8.5 Hz) ppm. ¹³C NMR (acetone-d₆, 125 MHz): δ 191.6, 140.1, 134.7, 131.3, 127.8, 122.9, 122.6, 113.5, 110.9, 93.3 (SCN) ppm. HRMS (ESI) m/z [M+H]⁺ calcd. for C₁₀H₇N₂OS: 203.02791; found: 203.02432.

4.2.5. 3-Selenocyanato-1H-indole-5-carbaldehyde (5c)

Orange-brown solid, mp > 150°C decomposes, Rf 0.22 (30% EtOAc in hexane). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz): δ 12.30 (bs, 1H, NH), 10.10 (s, 1H, CHO), 8.21 (d, 1H, J = 1.0 Hz), 8.04 (d, 1H, J = 3.0 Hz), 7.77 (dd, 1H, J = 8.0, 2.0 Hz), 7.66 (d, 1H, J = 8.5 Hz) ppm. ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆, 125 MHz): δ 193.2, 140.2, 135.9, 130.6, 129.1, 124.1, 122.8, 113.7, 105.0, 92.4 (SeCN) ppm. ⁷⁷Se NMR (DMSO-d₆, 95 MHz): δ 162.1 (s) ppm. HRMS (ESI) m/z [M+H]⁺ calcd. for C₁₀H₇N₂OSe: 250.97236; found: 250.95178.

4.2.6. 1-Butyl-3-thiocyanato-1H-indole (4d)

Yellow oil, Rf 0.74 (30% EtOAc in hexane). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ 7.85 - 7.83 (m, 2H), 7.44 - 7.42 (m, 2H), 7.39 - 7.32 (m, 2H), 4.11 (t, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH₂), 1.86 - 1.80 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.40 - 1.32 (m, 2H, CH₂), 0.98 (t, 3H, J = 7.4 Hz, CH₃) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125 MHz): δ 136.6, 134.2, 128.6, 123.3, 121.5, 119.0, 112.0, 110.5, 89.7 (SCN), 46.8 (CH₂), 32.0 (CH₂), 20.1 (CH₂), 13.7 (CH₃) ppm. HRMS (ESI) m/z [M+H]⁺ calcd. for C₁₃H₁₅N₂S: 231.09559; found: 231.10324.

4.2.7. 1-Butyl-3-selenocyanato-1H-indole (5d)

Yellow oil, Rf 0.74 (30% EtOAc in hexane). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ 7.78 - 7.75 (m, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 7.41 - 7.43 (m, 2H), 7.36 - 7.30 (m, 2H), 4.16 (t, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH₂), 1.89 - 1.83 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.40 - 1.35 (m, 2H, CH₂), 0.97 (t, 3H, J = 7.4 Hz, CH₃) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125 MHz): δ 136.5, 135.0, 129.6, 123.1, 121.4, 120.0, 110.2, 101.8, 87.2 (SeCN), 46.8 (CH₂), 32.1 (CH₂), 20.1 (CH₂), 13.6 (CH₃) ppm. ⁷⁷Se NMR (CDCl₃, 95 MHz): δ 149.6 (s) ppm. HRMS (ESI) m/z [M+H]⁺ calcd. for C₁₃H₁₅N₂Se: 279.04004; found: 279.04199.

4.2.8. 5-Bromo-3-thiocyanato-1H-indole (4e)

White solid, mp 133-136°C, Rf 0.35 (30% EtOAc in hexane). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ 8.8 (bs, 1H, NH), 7.92 (d, 1H, J = 1.2 Hz), 7.52 (d, 1H, J = 1.4 Hz), 7.39 (dd, 1H, J = 8.6, 1.9 Hz), 7.30 (d, 1H, J = 9.4 Hz) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125 MHz): δ 134.6, 132.1, 129.3, 127.0, 121.4, 115.4, 113.6, 111.6, 92.0 (SCN) ppm. HRMS (ESI) m/z [M+H]⁺ calcd. for C₉H₆BrN₂S: 252.94351/254.94146; found: 252.93964/254.93404.

4.2.9. 5-Bromo-3-selenocyanato-1H-indole (5e)

Beige solid, mp 155-157°C, Rf 0.35 (30% EtOAc in hexane). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ 8.7 (bs, 1H, NH), 7.90 (d, 1H, J = 1.7 Hz), 7.56 (d, 1H, J = 2.7 Hz), 7.42 (dd, 1H, J = 8.6, 1.8 Hz), 7.33 (d, 1H, J = 9.0 Hz) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125 MHz): δ 134.7, 132.8, 130.5, 127.0, 122.4, 115.4, 113.3, 101.3, 89.4 (SeCN) ppm. ⁷⁷Se NMR (CDCl₃, 95 MHz): δ 151.9 (s) ppm. HRMS (ESI) m/z [M+H]⁺ calcd. for C₉H₆BrN₂Se: 300.88796/302.88591; found 300.88208/302.87494.

4.2.10. 5-Fluoro-3-thiocyanato-1H-indole (4f)

Off-white solid, mp 108-110°C, Rf 0.51 (40% EtOAc in hexane). ¹H NMR (acetone-d₆, 500 MHz): δ 11.2 (br. s, 1H, NH), 7.99 (d, 1H, J = 2.5 Hz), 7.61 (dd, 1H, J = 8.5, 4.5 Hz), 7.45 (dd, 1H, J = 9.0, 2.5 Hz), 7.12 (td, 1H, J = 9.0, 3.0 Hz) ppm. ¹³C NMR (acetone-d₆, 125 MHz): δ 158.8 (d, ¹J_CF = 236.6 Hz), 134.4 (d, J_CF = 20 Hz), 133.3, 128.6 (d, J_CF = 10.5 Hz), 114.1 (d, J_CF = 10.5 Hz), 111.6 (d, J_CF = 25.7 Hz), 111.1, 102.9 (d, J_CF = 25 Hz), 91.0 (d, ⁴J_CF = 4.7 Hz) ppm. ¹⁹F NMR (acetone-d₆, 470 MHz): δ -123.2 (m) ppm. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₉H₆N₂FS: 193.02357; found: 193.01202.

4.2.11. 5-Fluoro-3-selenocyanato-1H-indole (5f)

Light-brown solid, mp 109-111°C, Rf 0.33 (40% EtOAc in hexane). ¹H NMR (acetone-d₆, 500 MHz): δ 11.13 (s, 1H, br, NH), 7.93 (d, 1H, J = 2.5 Hz), 7.59 (dd, 1H, J = 8.7, 4.5 Hz), 7.38 (dd, 1H, J = 9.5, 2.5 Hz), 7.10 (dt, 1H, J = 9.0, 3.0 Hz). ¹³C NMR (acetone-d₆, 125 MHz): δ 157.7 (d, ¹J_CF = 236.6 Hz), 134.8 (d, J_CF = 20.0 Hz), 133.2, 129.8 (d, J_CF = 10.5 Hz), 113.8 (d, J_CF = 5.6 Hz), 111.3 (d, J_CF = 26.6 Hz), 103.8 (d, J_CF = 24.7 Hz), 101.5, 89.0 ppm. ¹⁹F NMR (acetone-d₆, 470 MHz): δ -123.68 (m) ppm. ⁷⁷Se NMR (acetone-d₆, 95 MHz): δ 149.7 (s). HRMS (ESI): m/z [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₉H₆N₂FSe: 240.96802; found: 240.95600.

4.2.12. 1-Butyl-5-fluoro-3-thiocyanato-1H-indole (4g)

Yellow oil, Rf 0.26 (10% EtOAc in hexane). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ 7.48 (s, 1H), 7.44 (dd, 1H, J = 8.2, 2.5 Hz), 7.33 (dd, 1H, J = 9.0, 4.0 Hz), 7.08 (dt, 1H, J = 8.7, 2.5 Hz), 4.14 (t, 2H, J = 7.0 Hz), 1.84 (m, 2H), 1.36 (m, 2H), 0.97 (t, 3H, J = 7.5 Hz) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125 MHz): δ 158.9 (d, ¹J_CF = 238.3 Hz), 135.4, 133.0, 129.4 (d, ³J_CF = 10.5 Hz), 112.0 (d, ²J_CF = 25.0 Hz), 111.5 (d, J_CF = 12.5 Hz), 111.4, 104.3 (d, ²J_CF = 24.8 Hz), 89.9 (d, ⁴J_CF = 4.7 Hz), 32.0, 20.1, 13.6 ppm. ¹⁹F NMR (CDCl₃, 470 MHz): δ -121.36 (m) ppm. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₃H₁₄N₂FS: 249.08617; found: 249.07428.

4.2.13. 1-Butyl-5-fluoro-3-selenocyanato-1H-indole (5g)

Brown oil, Rf 0.32 (10% EtOAc in hexane). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ 7.48 (s, 1H), 7.39 (dd, 1H, J = 9.0, 2.5 Hz), 7.33 (dd, 1H, J = 9.2, 4.5 Hz), 7.07 (dt, 1H, J = 8.7, 3.0 Hz), 4.14 (t, 2H, J = 7.5 Hz), 1.85 (m, 2H), 1.36 (m, 2H), 0.97 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125 MHz): δ 158.9 (d, ¹J_CF = 237.4 Hz), 136.3, 133.0, 130.4 (d, J_CF = 11.3 Hz), 111.8 (d, J_CF = 21.6 Hz), 111.3 (d, J_CF = 9.5 Hz), 105.0 (d, J_CF = 24.7 Hz), 101.58, 87.0 (d, J_CF = 4.8 Hz), 47.1, 32.0, 20.1, 13.6 ppm. ¹⁹F NMR (CDCl₃, 470 MHz): δ -121.6 (m) ppm. ⁷⁷Se NMR (CDCl₃, 95 MHz): δ 152.0 (s) ppm. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₃H₁₄N₂FSe: 297.03062; found: 297.02386.

4.2.14. 6-Nitro-3-thiocyanato-1H-indole (4h)

Pale-yellow solid, mp 182-183°C, Rf 0.51 (40% EtOAc in hexane). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz): δ 12.64 (s, 1H, NH), 8.43 (d, 1H, J = 2.0 Hz), 8.37 (d, 1H, J = 3.5 Hz), 8.10 (dd, 1H, J = 9.0, 2.5 Hz), 7.85 (d, 1H, J = 9.0 Hz) ppm. ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆, 125 MHz): δ 143.8, 139.4, 135.3, 132.6, 118.9, 116.6, 112.4, 110.0, 92.2 ppm. HRMS (ESI negative ion mode): m/z [M-H]^- calcd for C₉H₄O₂N₃S: 218.002442; found: 218.08749.

4.2.15. 6-Nitro-3-selenocyanato-1H-indole (5h)

Pale-yellow solid, mp 183-184°C, Rf 0.51 (40% EtOAc in hexane). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz): δ 12.50 (bs, 1H, NH), 8.43 (dd, 1H, J = 2.1, 0.6 Hz), 8.25 (d, 1H, J = 2.8 Hz), 8.08 (dd, 1H, J = 8.8, 2.1 Hz), 7.76 (dt, 1H, J = 8.8, 0.6 Hz) ppm. ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆, 125 MHz): δ 143.4, 139.5, 135.1, 133.9, 119.8, 116.2, 109.6, 105.0, 91.9 (SeCN) ppm. ⁷⁷Se NMR (DMSO-d₆, 95 MHz): δ 160.2 (s) ppm. HRMS (ESI negative ion mode): m/z [M-H]^- calcd for C₉H₅N₃O₂Se: 266.95470; found: 266.01712.

4.2.16. 1-Benzyl-6-nitro-3-thiocyanato-1H-indole (4i)

Yellow solid, mp 144-146°C, Rf 0.69 (30% EtOAc in hexane). ¹H NMR (acetone-d₆, 500 MHz): δ 8.60 (d, 1H, J = 2.5 Hz), 8.40 (s, 1H), 8.20 (dd, 1H, J = 8.7, 2.0 Hz), 7.96 (d, 1H, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.41-7.31 (m, 5H), 5.77 (s, 2H) ppm. ¹³C NMR (acetone-d₆, 125 MHz): δ 144.4, 140.9, 136.3, 135.6, 133.1, 129.0, 128.2, 127.5, 119.1, 116.6, 110.7, 108.3, 92.3, 50.7 ppm. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₆H₁₂O₂N₃S: 310.0650; found: 310.0584.

4.2.17. 1-Benzyl-6-nitro-3-selenocyanato-1H-indole (5i)

Yellow solid, mp 153-154°C, Rf 0.59 (30% EtOAc in hexane). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ 8.38 (d, 1H, J = 2.0 Hz), 8.21 (dd, 1H, J = 9.0, 2.0 Hz), 7.85 (d, 1H, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.71 (s, 1H) 7.40 - 7.37 (m, 3H), 7.21-7.19 (m, 2H), 5.44 (s, 2H, CH₂) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125 MHz): δ 144.5, 139.9, 135.5, 134.5, 134.2, 129.4, 128.9, 127.3, 120.4, 117.1, 107.5, 100.7, 89.6, 51.3 ppm. ⁷⁷Se NMR (CDCl₃, 95 MHz): δ 153.7 (s) ppm. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₆H₁₂O₂N₃Se: 358.0095; found: 358.0082.

4.2.18. 3-Thiocyanato-1H-indole-5-carbonitrile (4j)

Beige solid, mp 200°C decomposes, Rf 0.13 (30% EtOAc in hexane). ¹H NMR (acetone-d₆, 500 MHz): δ 11.60 (bs, 1H, NH), 8.23 (dt, 1H, J = 1.5, 0.7 Hz), 8.16 (d, 1H, J = 2.9 Hz), 7.80 (dd, 1H, J = 8.5, 0.8 Hz), 7.64 (dd, 1H, J = 8.5, 1.5 Hz) ppm. ¹³C NMR (acetone-d₆, 125 MHz): δ 138.5, 135.3, 127.7, 126.0, 123.5, 119.4, 114.1, 110.8, 104.7, 92.6 (SCN) ppm. HRMS (ESI) m/z [M+H]⁺ calcd. For C₁₀H₆N₃S: 200.02824; found: 200.01814.

4.2.19. 3-Thiocyanato-9H-carbazole (7a)

White solid, mp 103-104°C, Rf 0.47 (30% EtOAc in hexane). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ 8.35 (bs, 1H, NH), 8.25 (s, 1H), 8.03 (d, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.55 (dd, 1H, J = 8.5, 2.0 Hz), 7.51 - 7.45 (m, 2H), 7.40 (d, 1H, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.30 (pseudo-dt, 1H, J = 7.2, 1.5 Hz) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125 MHz): δ 140.2, 139.9, 129.6, 127.1, 125.3, 124.8, 122.1, 120.6, 120.4, 112.7, 112.3, 112.1, 111.0 (SCN) ppm. HRMS (ESI) m/z [M+H]⁺ calcd. for C₁₃H₉N₂S: 225.04864; found: 225.03801.

4.2.20. 3-Selenocyanato-9H-carbazole (8a)

Beige solid, mp 135-137°C, Rf 0.47 (30% EtOAc in hexane). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ 8.35 (d, 1H, J = 1.7 Hz), 8.33 (bs, 1H, NH), 8.04 (d, 1H, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.65 (dd, 1H, J = 8.4, 1.7 Hz), 7.50 - 7.45 (m, 2H), 7.38 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.29 (pseudo-dt, 1H, J = 7.2, 1.5 Hz) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125 MHz): δ 140.1, 139.7, 131.6, 127.4, 127.0, 125.0, 122.2, 120.6, 120.4, 112.4, 111.0, 109.6, 103.0 (SCN) ppm. ⁷⁷Se NMR (CDCl₃, 95 MHz): δ = 317.2 (s) ppm. HRMS (ESI) m/z [M+H]⁺ calcd. for C₁₃H₉N₂Se: 272.99309; found: 272.96500.

4.2.21. 9-Isopropyl-3-thiocyanato-9H-carbazole (7b)

White solid, mp 124-126°C, Rf 0.58 (15% EtOAc in hexane). ¹H NMR (acetone-d₆, 500 MHz): δ 8.53 (d, 1H, J = 2.0 Hz), 8.29 (dd, 1H, J = 7.8, 1.3 Hz), 7.85 (d, 1H, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.76 (d, 1H, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.72 (dd, 1H, J = 8.7, 1.9 Hz), 7.53 (pseudo-dt, 1H, J = 8.4, 1.0 Hz), 7.29 (pseudo-dt, 1H, J = 7.9, 0.9 Hz), 5.22 (sept, 1H, J = 7.0 Hz, CH), 1.73 (s, 3H, CH₃), 1.72 (s, 3H, CH₃) ppm. ¹³C NMR (acetone-d₆, 125 MHz): δ 140.2, 140.1, 129.3, 126.7, 125.3, 124.7, 122.2, 120.7, 119.7, 112.2, 111.8, 111.4, 110.9 (SCN), 47.0 (CH), 19.9 (CH₃) ppm. HRMS (ESI) m/z [M+H]⁺ calcd. for C₁₆H₁₅N₂S: 267.09559; found: 267.09363.

4.2.22. 9-Isopropyl-3-selenocyanato-9H-carbazole (8b)

Beige solid, mp 161-162°C, Rf 0.58 (15% EtOAc in hexane). ¹H NMR (acetone-d₆, 500 MHz): δ 8.60 (t, 1H, J = 1.2 Hz), 8.27 (dd, 1H, J = 7.8, 1.3 Hz), 7.80 (d, 2H, J = 1.2 Hz), 7.75 (d, 1H, J = 8.4), 7.52 (dt, 1H, J = 8.0, 1.3 Hz), 7.28 (dt, 1H, J = 7.9, 1.0 Hz), 5.21 (sept, 1H, J = 7.0 Hz, CH), 1.73 (s, 3H, CH₃), 1.72 (s, 3H, CH₃) ppm. ¹³C NMR (acetone-d₆, 125 MHz): δ 140.0, 139.9, 131.3, 127.2, 126.5, 124.8, 122.3, 120.6, 119.5, 112.08, 110.8, 109.8, 102.7 (SeCN), 46.9 (CH), 19.9 (CH₃) ppm. ⁷⁷Se NMR (acetone-d₆, 95 MHz): δ 312.9 (s). HRMS (ESI) m/z [M+H]⁺ calcd. for C₁₆H₁₅N₂Se: 315.04004; found: 315.03387.

4.2.23. 3-Selenocyanato-6-thiocyanato-9H-carbazole (9)

Beige solid, mp 150°C decomposes, Rf 0.25 (30% EtOAc in hexane). ¹H NMR (acetone-d₆, 500 MHz): δ 11.09 (bs, 1H, NH), 8.72 (s, 1H), 8.65 (s, 1H), 7.86 (dd, 1H, J = 8.5, 1.8 Hz), 7.74 - 7.78 (m, 2H), 7.71 (d, 1H, J = 8.5 Hz) ppm. ¹³C NMR (acetone-d₆, 125 MHz): δ 141.2, 141.1, 132.6, 130.3, 130.3, 127.8, 125.7, 123.6, 113.4, 113.3, 113.2, 113.1, 111.6, 111.5, 102.7 ppm. ⁷⁷Se NMR (acetone-d₆, 95 MHz): δ 317.3 (s) ppm. EIMS: m/z (%) = 328 (68) [M]+, 284 (30), 271 (24), 249 (57), 57 (65), 43 (100).

4.2.24. 9-Isopropyl-3-selenocyanato-6-thiocyanato-9H-carbazole (10)

Orange yellow solid, mp 126-128°C, Rf 0.44 (40% EtOAc in hexane). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ 8.43 (d, 1H, J = 2.0 Hz), 8.32 (d, 1H, J = 2.0 Hz), 7.79 (dd, 1H, J = 8.7, 2.0 Hz), 7.68 (dd, 1H, J = 9.0, 2.0 Hz), 7.62 (d, 1H, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.57 (d, 1H, J = 8.9 Hz), 5.00 (sept, 1H, J = 7.0 Hz), 1.72 (d, 6H, J = 6.5 Hz) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125 MHz): δ140.6, 140.5, 132.3, 130.1, 127.6, 125.3, 123.9, 123.8, 113.0, 112.3, 112.2, 112.0, 110.4, 102.3, 47.6, 20.8 ppm. ⁷⁷Se NMR (CDCl₃, 95 MHz): δ 317.5 (s). GC-MS: m/z 371 (M+).

4.3. General Procedure for the Synthesis of Tetrazoles (11-12)b

Cu-Zn alloy nanopowder (38 mg) was added to a mixture of the thiocyanate or selenocyanate compound 7b or 8b, respectively (2 mmol), and sodium azide (2.8 mmol) in DMF (6 mL), and the mixture was stirred under ambient conditions for 8h at 90°C. After completion (monitoring by TLC), the resulting mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and the catalyst was separated by centrifugation and washed with ethyl acetate (three times). After removal of DMF and ethyl acetate under reduced pressure from the resulting centrifugate, it was treated with acetic acid and ethyl acetate with stirring. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous solution left behind was extracted further with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed with water and concentrated. Compounds (11-12)b were purified by column chromatography by using chloroform-methanol (20:1).

4.3.1. 3-((2H-tetrazol-5-yl)thio)-9-isopropyl-9H-carbazole (11b)

White solid, mp 182 -186°C, Rf 0.31 (5% MeOH in Chloroform). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz): δ 8.50 (br. s, 1H), 8.23 (d, 1H, J = 7.7 Hz), 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.75 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.63 (br. s, 1H), 7.48 (t, 1H, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.24 (t, 1H, J = 7.3 HZ), 5.19 – 5.12 (m, 1H, CH), 1.65 (br. s, 3H, CH₃), 1.63 (br. s, 3H, CH₃) ppm. ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆, 100 MHz): δ 139.9, 139.9, 139.8, 131.4, 126.8, 126.7, 124.1, 122.4, 121.2, 119.7, 117.0, 112.2, 111.2, 46.8 (CH), 20.9 (CH₃) ppm. EIMS: m/z (%) 309 (46) [M]+, 253 (12), 240 (20), 198 (100), 69 (20), 43 (89), 41 (66).

4.3.2. 3-((2H-tetrazol-5-yl)selanyl)-9-isopropyl-9H-carbazole (12b)

White solid, mp 156 - 160°C, Rf 0.53 (5% MeOH in Chloroform). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.65 (br. s, 1H), 8.14 (d, 1H, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.91 (br. d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.65 (d, 1H, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.59 (d, 1H, J = 8.3 Hz), 7.52 (t, 1H, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.28 (t, 1H, J = 7.4 Hz), 5.03 (sep, 1H, J = 7.1 Hz, CH), 1.73 (d, 6H, J = 7.0 Hz, CH₃) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ 141.7, 140.0, 140.0, 126.5, 123.9, 123.0, 121.0, 120.9, 119.8, 119.2, 119.2, 110.8, 110.5, 47.2 (CH), 20.8 (CH₃) ppm. EIMS: m/z (%) 496 (37) [M]+, 416 (100), 358 (15), 331 (24), 288 (33), 246 (31), 193 (35), 166 (35), 43(48), 41 (30).

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are provided in experimental section and in supplementary material. Additional inquiries may be directed to the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

Kenneth K. Laali thanks University of North Florida for the outstanding faculty scholarship and presidential professorship awards, faculty scholarship, and UNF Foundation Board grants. Rodrigo Abonia and Luisa F. Gutierrez thank COLCIENCIAS (no. 110665842661) and Universidad del Valle (CI. 71111) for financial support.

Supplementary Materials

Multinuclear NMR spectra of the reported products are gathered in the supplementary file. (Supplementary Materials)

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