On the Onset Time of Several SPE/GLE Events: Indications from High-Energy Gamma-Ray and Neutron Measurements by CORONAS-F

<table>Time profiles of selected emissions from the January 20, 2005, flare: (a) soft X-ray flux (black curve) and its derivative (red curve); (b) hard X-rays (SPR-N and RHESSI, arbitrary units); (c) gamma-rays 0.78–2 MeV (black, left <svg height="12.175" id="M26" style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.9624996 12.175" width="9.9624996" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><path d="M556 393q0 -39 -36 -106q-42 -78 -185 -279q-47 -66 -81 -108t-117 -135l-112 -26l-8 22q150 90 251 219q-6 136 -39 340q-8 53 -21 53q-6 0 -27 -19.5t-38 -42.5l-16 26q80 111 127 111q23 0 35 -28t20 -90q18 -137 27 -263h2q142 200 142 279q0 24 -14 48q-4 7 5 26
q13 28 43 28q18 0 30 -15.5t12 -39.5z" id="x1D466"></path></g>
</svg>-axis) and 6.2–11 MeV (green, right <svg height="12.175" id="M27" style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.9624996 12.175" width="9.9624996" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><path d="M556 393q0 -39 -36 -106q-42 -78 -185 -279q-47 -66 -81 -108t-117 -135l-112 -26l-8 22q150 90 251 219q-6 136 -39 340q-8 53 -21 53q-6 0 -27 -19.5t-38 -42.5l-16 26q80 111 127 111q23 0 35 -28t20 -90q18 -137 27 -263h2q142 200 142 279q0 24 -14 48q-4 7 5 26
q13 28 43 28q18 0 30 -15.5t12 -39.5z" id="x1D466"></path></g>
</svg>-axis) from SONG; (d) the 4.4 MeV gamma line from RHESSI, courtesy G. Share; (e) high-energy gamma-rays (SONG). Red curve in the bottom panel presents smoothed data on gamma-rays.</table>

Advances in Astronomy

fig9

Figure 9

Figure 9: On the Onset Time of Several SPE/GLE Events: Indications from High-Energy Gamma-Ray and Neutron Measurements by CORONAS-F 