Lunar Radiometric Measurement Based on Observing China Chang’E-3 Lander with VLBI—First Insight

Table 1

Comparison of different LRM.

	Agency	Tracking stations	Target	Frequency Band	Observable	Period & Span
ALSEP Double-Differential VLBI	MIT	STDN (Spacecraft Tracking and Data Network) 6 stations	ALSEP 12/14/15/16/17	S	phase (delay)	Mar 1973~Jul 1974; more than 130 days
ALSEP-Quasar VLBI	JPL	DSN (Deep Space Network) 3 stations; Plus ＇Apollo＇ station of STDN	ALSEP 12/14/15/16/17	S	Phase (delay)	Sep 1974~Sep 1977; 19 △VLBI
OCEL (phase I)	IVS & BACC	subsets of the IVS observing network; totally 15 stations participate	Chang’E-3 Lander	X	group delay	Jun 2014~Dec 2016; 12 sessions