A Fold Bifurcation Theorem of Degenerate Solutions in a Perturbed Nonlinear Equation
Ping Liu1and Yuwen Wang1
Academic Editor: Stefan Siegmund
Received21 Jan 2011
Revised29 Mar 2011
Accepted06 May 2011
Published28 Jun 2011
Abstract
We consider a nonlinear equation , where the parameter is a perturbation
parameter, is a differentiable mapping from to and , are Banach spaces. We obtain an abstract bifurcation theorem by using the generalized saddle-node bifurcation
theorem.
1. Introduction
In [1, 2], Crandall and Rabinowitz proved two celebrated theorems which are now regarded as foundation of the analytical bifurcation theory in infinite-dimensional spaces and both results are based on the implicit function theorem. In [3], we obtained the generalized saddle-node bifurcation theorem by the generalized inverse. In [4], we proved a perturbed problem using Morse Lemma. For a more general introduction to bifurcation theory and other related methods in nonlinear analysis, see, for example, [5โ7]. On the other hand, [8โ11] provide a more detailed introduction to mathematical models in some recent new results in the application of bifurcation theory including chemical reactions, population ecology, and nonautonomous differential equations.
In this paper, we continue the work of [3] and obtain an abstract bifurcation theorem under the opposite condition in [4]. We consider the solution set of
where indicates the perturbation. Fix ; let be a solution of . From the implicit function theorem, a necessary condition for bifurcation is that is not invertible; we call a degenerate solution. In [12], Shi shows the persistence and the bifurcation of degenerate solutions when varies near by the implicit function theorem and the saddle-node bifurcation theorem. In this paper, we prove a new perturbed bifurcation theorem by the generalized saddle-node bifurcation theorem.
In the paper, we use as the norm of Banach space and as the duality pair of a Banach space and its dual space . For a nonlinear operator , we use as the partial derivative of with respect to argument . For a linear operator , we use as the null space of and as the range of .
2. Preliminaries
Definition 2.1 (see [13]). Let , be Banach spaces, and let be a linear operator. Then, is called the generalized inverse of if it satisfies(i),(ii).
Definition 2.2 (see [13]). Let , and be the same as in Definition 2.1. If has the bounded linear generalized inverse , then is called a generalized regular operator.
Lemma 2.3 (see [13]). Let , then is a generalized regular operator if and only if are topologically complemented in , respectively. In this case, , are bounded linear projectors from , into , , respectively.
We recall the generalized saddle-node bifurcation in [3] and give an alternate proof here using the generalized Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction.
Theorem 2.4 (generalized saddle-node bifurcation). Let be a neighborhood of . Suppose that (i);(ii) is a generalized regular operator, and
(iii). Let , then the subset contains the curve near , where , the mapping is continuously differentiable near , and .
Proof. Since is a generalized regular operator, there exist closed subspaces in , in satisfing , . Taking an arbitrary , from Lemma 2.3, is equivalent to
where , . Define as
because of (iii), then is an isomorphism. For the equation , by the implicit function theorem, there exist and , with , satisfying
From (2.2), we have
Differentiating (2.5) with respect to , we have
Setting ,
Thus, since (iii) and we have
that is, , we have .
Corollary 2.5. Assume the conditions in Theorem 2.4 are satisfied and
then the direction of the solution curves is determined by
where , . Furthermore, when
is satisfied, , and the solution curve is a parabola-like curve which reaches an extreme point at .
We illustrate our result by a simple example.
Example 2.6. Define
where , . From simple calculations, we obtain
We analyze the bifurcation at . It is easy to see that , where , , . So, obviously, , , and . From the above calculation,
Obviously, and , . Thus, we can apply Corollary 2.5 to (2.12). In fact, all solution curves for all form a surface (see Figure 1).
3. Main Theorems
Applying Theorem 2.4, we discuss the bifurcation of solutions of the perturbed problem. We consider the solution set of
where the parameter indicates the perturbation, , , and , are Banach spaces. Let
Suppose that is a solution of . For and
by Hahn-Banach theorem, there exists a closed subspace of with codimension 1 such that , where and . Let . Then, is a closed hyperplane of with codimension 1. Since is a closed subspace of and is also a Banach space in the subspace topology, Hence we can regard as a Banach space with product topology. Moreover, the tangent space of is homeomorphic to (see [12] for more on the setting).
In the following, we will still use the conditions () on defined in [12].(F1), and ;(F2);(F3);(F4);(F5).
We use the convention that () means that the condition defined in () does not hold.
Theorem 3.1. Let , such that . Suppose that the operator satisfies , , , , and at . One also assumes that
where is the unique solution of
Then, there exists such that all the solutions of near form two curves:
where , ; ; , and
where , โโ, , , are the unique solution of
respectively.
Remark 3.2. Theorem 2.4 complements Theoremโโ3.2 in [4], where the opposite condition (3.4) is imposed.
Proof. We apply Theorem 2.4 to the operator , so we need to verify all the conditions. We define a differential operator ,โ
(1) . Suppose that and . If , from and , then we have and
From , we can define is the unique solution of (3.8). Thus, and . Next, we consider . Without loss of generality, we assume that . Notice that from , we can define that is unique solution of (3.5). Substituting , into (3.10), we have
From (3.4), there exists a unique satisfies (3.9). Then,
that is, . (2) . We only claim that
Let and satisfy
Using (3.15) and , then and . Conversely, for any , from , set
where . From , we have
Set , we obtain that
Substituting , into (3.16), we have
Using , , then there exists , satisfies
Substituting (3.21) into (3.20), we have
Applying to (3.22), we have because of the definition of and
Thus we can define
Therefore, , that is, . Hence, . That is, . (3) . Since , we need only to show that but that is exactly assumed in . So, the statement of the theorem follows from Theorem 2.4.
To completely determine the turning direction of curve of degenerate solutions, we need some calculations.
Let be a curve of degenerate solutions which we obtain in Theorem 3.1. Differentiating with respect to , we obtain
Setting in (4.1), we get exactly , (3.5), (3.8), and (3.9). We differentiate (4.1) again, and we have (omit the subscript in the equation)
Setting in (4.2), we obtain
And applying to it, we have
Using , , . From (4.7), (4.5) implies . Setting in (4.4),
Substituting the expression of into (4.9), we have
And applying to it, we obtain , that is,
Assume and applying to (4.10),
We differentiate (4.2) again:
Setting in (4.14), we obtain
Substituting the expression of into (4.15) and applying to it, we have using (3.4), (4.12), and .
Acknowledgments
The authors the referee for very careful reading and helpful suggestions on the paper. The paper was partially supported by NSFC (Grant no. 11071051), Youth Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (Grant no. QC2009C73), Harbin Normal University academic backbone of youth project, and NCET of Heilongjiang Province of China (1251โNCETโ002).
References
M. G. Crandall and P. H. Rabinowitz, โBifurcation from simple eigenvalues,โ Journal of Functional Analysis, vol. 8, pp. 321โ340, 1971.
M. G. Crandall and P. H. Rabinowitz, โBifurcation, perturbation of simple eigenvalues and linearized stability,โ Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, vol. 52, pp. 161โ180, 1973.
P. Liu and Y.-W. Wang, โThe generalized saddle-node bifurcation of degenerate solution,โ Polskiego Towarzystwa Matematycznego, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 145โ150, 2005.
P. Liu, J. Shi, and Y. Wang, โImperfect transcritical and pitchfork bifurcations,โ Journal of Functional Analysis, vol. 251, no. 2, pp. 573โ600, 2007.
H. Kielhรถfer, Bifurcation Theory: An Introduction with Applications to PDEs, vol. 156 of Applied Mathematical Sciences, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2004.
J. Lรณpez-Gรณmez, Spectral Theory and Nonlinear Functional Analysis, vol. 426 of Chapman & Hall/CRC Research Notes in Mathematics, Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, Fla, USA, 2001.
C. Pรถtzsche, โNonautonomous bifurcation of bounded solutions I: a Lyapunov-Schmidt approach,โ Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems B, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 739โ776, 2010.
C. Pรถtzsche, โPersistence and imperfection of nonautonomous bifurcation patterns,โ Journal of Differential Equations, vol. 250, no. 10, pp. 3874โ3906, 2011.
J. Jang, W.-M. Ni, and M. Tang, โGlobal bifurcation and structure of Turing patterns in the 1-D Lengyel-Epstein model,โ Journal of Dynamics and Differential Equations, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 297โ320, 2004.
P. Gray and S. K. Scott, Chemical Oscillations and Instabilities: Nonlinear Chemical Kinetics, Proceedings in Nonlinear Science, Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK, 1990.
J. Shi, โPersistence and bifurcation of degenerate solutions,โ Journal of Functional Analysis, vol. 169, no. 2, pp. 494โ531, 1999.
M. Z. Nashed, Ed., Generalized Inverse and Applications, Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, 1976.
Copyright
Copyright ยฉ 2011 Ping Liu and Yuwen Wang. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
