Research Article | Open Access
Djumaklych Amanov, Allaberen Ashyralyev, "Initial-Boundary Value Problem for Fractional Partial Differential Equations of Higher Order", Abstract and Applied Analysis, vol. 2012, Article ID 973102, 16 pages, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/973102
Initial-Boundary Value Problem for Fractional Partial Differential Equations of Higher Order
Abstract
The initial-boundary value problem for partial differential equations of higher-order involving the Caputo fractional derivative is studied. Theorems on existence and uniqueness of a solution and its continuous dependence on the initial data and on the right-hand side of the equation are established.
1. Introduction
Many problems in viscoelasticity [1–3], dynamical processes in self-similar structures [4], biosciences [5], signal processing [6], system control theory [7], electrochemistry [8], diffusion processes [9], and linear time-invariant systems of any order with internal point delays [10] lead to differential equations of fractional order. For more details of fractional calculus, see [11–15].
The study of existence and uniqueness, periodicity, asymptotic behavior, stability, and methods of analytic and numerical solutions of fractional differential equations have been studied extensively in a large cycle works (see, e.g., [16–42] and the references therein).
In the paper [43], Cauchy problem in a half-space for partial pseudodifferential equations involving the Caputo fractional derivative was studied. The existence and uniqueness of a solution and its continuous dependence on the initial data and on the right-hand side of the equation were established.
In the paper [44], the initial-boundary value problem for heat conduction equation with the Caputo fractional derivative was studied. Moreover, in [45], the initial-boundary value problem for partial differential equations of higher order with the Caputo fractional derivative was studied in the case when the order of the fractional derivative belongs to the interval (0,1).
In the paper [46], the initial-boundary value problem in plane domain for partial differential equations of fourth order with the fractional derivative in the sense of Caputo was studied in the case when the order of fractional derivative belongs to the interval (1,2). The present paper generalizes results of [46] in the case of space domain for partial differential equations of higher order with a fractional derivative in the sense of Caputo.
The organization of this paper is as follows. In Section 2, we provide the necessary background and formulation of problem. In Section 3, the formal solution of problem is presented. In Sections 4 and 5, the solvability and the regular solvability of the problem are studied. Theorems on existence and uniqueness of a solution and its continuous dependence on the initial data and on the right-hand side of the equation are established. Finally, Section 6 is conclusion.
2. Preliminaries
In this section, we present some basic definitions and preliminary facts which are used throughout the paper.
Definition 2.1. If and , then the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral is defined by where is the Gamma function defined for any complex number as
Definition 2.2. The Caputo fractional derivative of order of a continuous function is defined by where , (the notation stands for the largest integer not greater than ).
Lemma 2.3 (see [13]). Let , . Then, is satisfied almost everywhere on . Moreover, if , then (2.4) is true and for all and .
Theorem 2.4 (see [47, page 123]). Let . Then, the integral equation has a unique solution defined by the following formula: where is a Mittag-Leffler type function.
For the convenience of the reader, we give the proof of Theorem 2.4, applying the fixed-point iteration method. We denote Then, The proof of this theorem is based on formula (2.8) and for any . Let us prove (2.9) for any . For , it follows from (2.7) directly. Assume that (2.9) holds for some . Then, applying (2.7) and (2.9) for , we get Performing the change of variables , we get Then, So, identity (2.9) holds for . Therefore, by induction identity (2.9) holds for any .
In the space domain, , we consider the initial-boundary value problem: for partial differential equations of higher order with the fractional derivative order in the sense of Caputo. Here, is a fixed positive integer number.
3. The Construction of the Formal Solution of (2.13)
We seek a solution of problem (2.13) in the form of Fourier series: expanded along a complete orthonormal system: We denote We expand the given function in the form of a Fourier series along the functions : where Substituting (3.1) and (3.4) into (2.13), we obtain By Lemma 2.3, we have that where is Riemann-Liouville integral of fractional order . Using (3.6) and (3.7), we get the following equation: Applying the operator to this equation, we get the following Volterra integral equation of the second kind: According to the Theorem 2.4, (3.10) has a unique solution defined by the following formula:
Using the formula (see, e.g., [27, page 118] and [47, page 120]) we get From these three formulas and (3.11), it follows that For and , we expand the given functions and in the form of a Fourier series along the functions : where Using (2.13), (3.14), (3.16), we obtain So, the unique solution of (3.10) is defined by (3.17). Consequently, the unique solution of problem (2.13) is defined by (3.1).
Applying the formula (3.17), the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, and the estimate (see [13, page 136]) we get the following inequality: for the solution of (3.10) for any . Here, .
4. Solvability of (2.13) in Space
Now, we will prove that the solution of problem (2.13) continuously depends on , and .
Theorem 4.1. Suppose , and , then the series (3.1) converges in to and for the solution of problem (2.13), the following stability inequality holds, where does not depend on , and .
Proof. We consider the sum: where is a natural number. For the positive integer number , we have that Applying (3.19), we get where . Therefore, as . Consequently, the series (3.1) converges in to . Inequality (4.1) for the solution of problem (2.13) follows from the estimate (4.4). Theorem 4.1 is proved.
5. The Regular Solvability of (2.13)
In this section, we will study theregular solvability of problem (2.13).
Lemma 5.1. Suppose , , , , on , on , , ,, and on . Then, for any , the following estimates hold, where and do not depend on and .
Proof. Integrating by parts with respect to and in (3.5), (3.16), we get
where
Under the assumptions of Lemma 5.1, it follows that the functions and are bounded, that is,
where , . Let , where is a sufficiently small number. For sufficiently large and , the following inequalities are true:
Using (3.16), (5.8), (5.9), and (3.17), we get
where . Thus, inequality (5.1) is obtained. Now, we will prove inequality (5.2). Using (5.3), (5.4), (5.6), (5.8), (5.9), and (3.17), we get
where . Lemma 5.1 is proved.
Theorem 5.2. Suppose that the assumptions of Lemma 5.1 hold. Then, there exists a regular solution of problem (2.13).
Proof. We will prove uniform and absolute convergence of series (3.1) and
The series
is majorant for the series (3.1). From (5.1), it follows that the series (5.15) uniformly converges. Actually,
Applying the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality and the Parseval equality, we obtain
Analogously, we get
Since , then the series , converges by the integral test. Further, , then the series
converges also by the integral test for any and .
Consequently, the series (3.1) absolutely and uniformly converges in the domain for any . At , the series (3.1) converges and has a sum equal to . Since , , then the series
is majorant for the series (5.12), (5.13) and for the first series from (5.14). From (5.2), it follows that the series (5.20) uniformly converges. Indeed, using the Parseval equality and Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, we get
Analogously, we conclude that
The series
converges for any according to the integral test. The series
is majorant for the second series from (5.14). From (5.6) and (5.8), it follows that the series (5.14) uniformly converges. Indeed,
Adding equality (5.12), (5.13), and (5.14), we note that the solution (3.1) satisfies equation (2.13). The solution (3.1) satisfies boundary conditions owing to properties of the functions . Simple computations show that
Consequently, , . Hence, we conclude that the solution (3.1) satisfies initial conditions. Theorem 5.2 is proved.
6. Conclusion
In this paper, the initial-boundary value problem (2.13) for partial differential equations of higher order involving the Caputo fractional derivative is studied. Theorems on existence and uniqueness of a solution and its continuous dependence on the initial data and on the right-hand side of the equation are established. Of course, such type of results have been established for the initial-boundary value problem: for partial differential equations of higher order with a fractional derivative of order in the sense of Caputo. Here, is a fixed positive integer number.
Moreover, applying the result of the papers [12, 23], the first order of accuracy difference schemes for the numerical solution of nonlocal boundary value problems (2.13) and (6.1) can be presented. Of course, the stability inequalities for the solution of these difference schemes have been established without any assumptions about the grid steps in and in the space variables.
Acknowledgment
The authors are grateful to Professor Valery Covachev (Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman) for his insightful comments and suggestions.
References
- R. L. Bagley and P. J. Torvik, “A theoretical basis for the application of fractional calculus to viscoelasticity,” Journal of Rheology, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 201–210, 1983. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
- G. Sorrentinos, “Fractional derivative linear models for describing the viscoelastic dynamic behavior of polymeric beams,” in Proceedings of IMAS, Saint Louis, Mo, USA, 2006. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- G. Sorrentinos, “Analytic modeling and experimental identi?cation of viscoelastic mechanical systems,” in Advances in Fractional Calculus, J. Sabatier, O. P. Agrawal, and J. A Tenreiro Machado, Eds., pp. 403–416, Springer, 2007. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- Fractals and Fractional Calculus in Continuum Mechanics, vol. 378 of CISM Courses and Lectures, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 1997.
- R. L. Magin, “Fractional calculus in bioengineering,” Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 1–104, 2004. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- M. D. Ortigueira and J. A. Tenreiro Machado, “Special issue on Fractional signal processing and applications,” Signal Processing, vol. 83, no. 11, pp. 2285–2286, 2003. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- B. M. Vinagre, I. Podlubny, A. Hernández, and V. Feliu, “Some approximations of fractional order operators used in control theory and applications,” Fractional Calculus & Applied Analysis, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 231–248, 2000. View at: Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
- K. B. Oldham, “Fractional differential equations in electrochemistry,” Advances in Engineering Software, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 9–12, 2010. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
- R. Metzler and J. Klafter, “Boundary value problems for fractional diffusion equations,” Physica A, vol. 278, no. 1-2, pp. 107–125, 2000. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- M. De la Sen, “Positivity and stability of the solutions of Caputo fractional linear time-invariant systems of any order with internal point delays,” Abstract and Applied Analysis, vol. 2011, Article ID 161246, 25 pages, 2011. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
- I. Podlubny, Fractional Differential Equations, vol. 198 of Mathematics in Science and Engineering, Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, 1999.
- A. Ashyralyev, “A note on fractional derivatives and fractional powers of operators,” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 357, no. 1, pp. 232–236, 2009. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
- A. A. Kilbas, H. M. Srivastava, and J. J. Trujillo, Theory and Applications of Fractional Differential Equations, vol. 204 of North-Holland Mathematics Studies, Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, The Nrtherlands, 2006.
- S. G. Samko, A. A. Kilbas, and O. I. Marichev, Fractional Integrals and Derivatives, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, London, UK, 1993.
- J.-L. Lavoie, T. J. Osler, and R. Tremblay, “Fractional derivatives and special functions,” SIAM Review, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 240–268, 1976. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
- C. Yuan, “Two positive solutions for -type semipositone integral boundary value problems for coupled systems of nonlinear fractional differential equations,” Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 930–942, 2012. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- M. De la Sen, R. P. Agarwal, A. Ibeas, and S. Alonso-Quesada, “On the existence of equilibrium points, boundedness, oscillating behavior and positivity of a SVEIRS epidemic model under constant and impulsive vaccination,” Advances in Difference Equations, vol. 2011, Article ID 748608, 32 pages, 2011. View at: Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
- O. P. Agrawal, “Formulation of Euler-Lagrange equations for fractional variational problems,” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 272, no. 1, pp. 368–379, 2002. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
- R. W. Ibrahim and S. Momani, “On the existence and uniqueness of solutions of a class of fractional differential equations,” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 334, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2007. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
- V. Lakshmikantham and A. S. Vatsala, “Basic theory of fractional differential equations,” Nonlinear Analysis, vol. 69, no. 8, pp. 2677–2682, 2008. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
- R. P. Agarwal, M. Benchohra, and S. Hamani, “Boundary value problems for fractional differential equations,” Georgian Mathematical Journal, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 401–411, 2009. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
- A. Ashyralyev and B. Hicdurmaz, “A note on the fractional Schrödinger differential equations,” Kybernetes, vol. 40, no. 5-6, pp. 736–750, 2011. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- A. Ashyralyev, F. Dal, and Z. Pınar, “A note on the fractional hyperbolic differential and difference equations,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 217, no. 9, pp. 4654–4664, 2011. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
- A. Ashyralyev and Z. Cakir, “On the numerical solution of fractional parabolic partial differential equations,” AIP Conference Proceeding, vol. 1389, pp. 617–620, 2011. View at: Google Scholar
- A. Ashyralyev, “Well-posedness of the Basset problem in spaces of smooth functions,” Applied Mathematics Letters, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 1176–1180, 2011. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
- A. A. Kilbas and O. A. Repin, “Analogue of Tricomi's problem for partial differential equations containing diffussion equation of fractional order,” in Proceedings of the International Russian-Bulgarian Symposium Mixed type equations and related problems of analysis and informatics, pp. 123–127, Nalchik-Haber, 2010. View at: Google Scholar
- A. A. Nahushev, Elements of Fractional Calculus and Their Applications, Nalchik, Russia, 2010.
- A. V. Pshu, Boundary Value Problems for Partial Differential Equations of Fractional and Continual Order, Nalchik, Russia, 2005.
- N. A. Virchenko and V. Y. Ribak, Foundations of Fractional Integro-Differentiations, Kiev, Ukraine, 2007.
- M. M. Džrbašjan and A. B. Nersesjan, “Fractional derivatives and the Cauchy problem for differential equations of fractional order,” Izvestija Akademii Nauk Armjanskoĭ SSR, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 3–28, 1968. View at: Google Scholar
- R. P. Agarwal, M. Benchohra, and S. Hamani, “A survey on existence results for boundary value problems of nonlinear fractional differential equations and inclusions,” Acta Applicandae Mathematicae, vol. 109, no. 3, pp. 973–1033, 2010. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
- R. P. Agarwal, M. Belmekki, and M. Benchohra, “A survey on semilinear differential equations and inclusions involving Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative,” Advances in Difference Equations, vol. 2009, Article ID 981728, 47 pages, 2009. View at: Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
- R. P. Agarwal, B. de Andrade, and C. Cuevas, “On type of periodicity and ergodicity to a class of fractional order differential equations,” Advances in Difference Equations, vol. 2010, Article ID 179750, 25 pages, 2010. View at: Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
- R. P. Agarwal, B. de Andrade, and C. Cuevas, “Weighted pseudo-almost periodic solutions of a class of semilinear fractional differential equations,” Nonlinear Analysis, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 3532–3554, 2010. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- D. Araya and C. Lizama, “Almost automorphic mild solutions to fractional differential equations,” Nonlinear Analysis, vol. 69, no. 11, pp. 3692–3705, 2008. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
- G. M. N'Guérékata, “A Cauchy problem for some fractional abstract differential equation with non local conditions,” Nonlinear Analysis, vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 1873–1876, 2009. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
- G. M. Mophou and G. M. N'Guérékata, “Mild solutions for semilinear fractional differential equations,” Electronic Journal of Differential Equations, vol. 2009, no. 21, 9 pages, 2009. View at: Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
- G. M. Mophou and G. M. N'Guérékata, “Existence of the mild solution for some fractional differential equations with nonlocal conditions,” Semigroup Forum, vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 315–322, 2009. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
- V. Lakshmikantham, “Theory of fractional functional differential equations,” Nonlinear Analysis, vol. 69, no. 10, pp. 3337–3343, 2008. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
- V. Lakshmikantham and J. V. Devi, “Theory of fractional differential equations in a Banach space,” European Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 38–45, 2008. View at: Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
- V. Lakshmikantham and A. S. Vatsala, “Theory of fractional differential inequalities and applications,” Communications in Applied Analysis, vol. 11, no. 3-4, pp. 395–402, 2007. View at: Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
- A. S. Berdyshev, A. Cabada, and E. T. Karimov, “On a non-local boundary problem for a parabolic-hyperbolic equation involving a Riemann-Liouville fractional differential operator,” Nonlinear Analysis, vol. 75, no. 6, pp. 3268–3273, 2011. View at: Google Scholar
- R. Gorenflo, Y. F. Luchko, and S. R. Umarov, “On the Cauchy and multi-point problems for partial pseudo-differential equations of fractional order,” Fractional Calculus & Applied Analysis, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 249–275, 2000. View at: Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
- B. Kadirkulov and K. H. Turmetov, “About one generalization of heat conductivity equation,” Uzbek Mathematical Journal, no. 3, pp. 40–45, 2006 (Russian). View at: Google Scholar
- D. Amanov, “Solvability of boundary value problems for equation of higher order with fractional derivatives,” in Boundary Value Problems for Differential Equations, The Collection of Proceedings no. 17, pp. 204–209, Chernovtsi, Russia, 2008. View at: Google Scholar
- D. Amanov, “Solvability of boundary value problems for higher order differential equation with fractional derivatives,” in Problems of Camputations and Applied Mathemaitics, no. 121, pp. 55–62, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 2009. View at: Google Scholar
- M. M. Djrbashyan, Integral Transformations and Representatation of Functions in Complex Domain, Moscow, Russia, 1966.
Copyright
Copyright © 2012 Djumaklych Amanov and Allaberen Ashyralyev. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.